• The K7RA Solar Update

    From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Sep 22 13:56:45 2023
    09/22/2023

    ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 0249UTC on 22 SEPTEMBER 2023 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE:

    "Solar wind streams from a pair of coronal holes are expected to
    mildly increase geomagnetic activity at times during the interval
    late 22-Sep to 24-Sep.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED FROM 22-24 SEPTEMBER 2023."

    Nine new sunspot groups appeared this week, but the averages were
    lower.

    A new sunspot group appeared every day from September 15-17, four
    more on September 18, and one each day on September 19-20.

    On Thursday, the start of the next reporting week two more sunspot
    groups appeared.

    Average daily sunspot numbers declined from 138.1 to 118.4, while
    average daily solar flux went from 159.9 to 149.3.

    The Autumnal Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on Saturday,
    September 23 at 2:50 AM EDT, or 0650z.  The change in seasons has
    been evident recently with improving propagation on 10 and 12
    meters.

    A fast moving CME hit Earth on September 18, sparking dramatic
    displays of aurora across the northern tier of North America and in
    Europe as far south as France.

    Alaska's college A index was 49 and 61 on September 18-19, while the
    planetary A index was 30 and 49.

    Predicted solar flux is 162, 162 and 165 on September 22-24, 160 on
    September 25-28, 135 on September 29-30, then 130, 135, 130 and 135
    on October 1-4, 140 on October 5-6, 135 on October 7-8, then 140,
    145 and 145 on October 9-11, then 150, 150, 155 and 150 on October
    12-15, and 155, 150, 145 and 145 on October 16-19, then 150, 150 and
    145 on October 20-22, 140 on October 23-24, 135 on October 25-27,
    then 130, 135, 130 and 135 on October 28-31.

    Predicted planetary A index is 15 on September 22, 22 on September
    23-24, then 12 and 8 on September 25-26, 5 on September 27-28, 12
    and 8 on September 29-30, 5 October 1-11, 8 on October 12, then 5 on
    October 13-19, 12 on October 20, 5 on October 21-24, then 8, 12 and
    8 on October 25-27, then 5 on October 28 into the first week of
    November.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - September 21, 2023 from OK1HH:
     
    "Although the site https://solarham.net/ [1]launched on March 15, 2006,
    created and still maintained solely by Kevin,VE3EN, is primarily
    intended for amateur radio users, it is also very well regarded by
    professional astronomers. In addition to information about the Sun,
    it contains everything needed to understand the causes of changes in
    the ionosphere, and also provides an overview and forecast of the
    Earth's magnetic field activity. On Thursday, September 21, we read:
    'Solar activity is predicted to remain at low (C-Flares) to moderate
    (M-Flares) levels during the next 24 hours. AR-3435 is considered
    the most likely region to produce a moderate to strong solar flare.'

    "The information can be supplemented by saying that the level of
    solar activity has been rising in recent days, and this rise was
    accompanied by an increase in solar wind speed from 400 km/s to over
    600 km/s between 18-20 September. In particular, the solar wind
    proton influx increased significantly on 18 September; moreover, a
    geomagnetic disturbance with intensity G2 (Moderate) to G3 (Strong)
    took place on 18-19 September.

    "The Earth's ionosphere responded to these events with a significant
    decrease in MUF, especially since 18 September. Shortwave conditions
    were above average for the last time on 10-12 September, including a
    positive phase of the disturbance on the latter day. Around the
    equinox we usually expect improvement, but now it was the opposite
    as a result of disturbances.

    "As another very good source of information, I can particularly
    recommend the Space Weather Monitor (https://www.ionosonde.iap-kborn.de/actuellz.htm[2]), as it also
    contains the most important data on the Earth's ionosphere."

    From reader David Moore, on Parker Solar Probe:

    https://bit.ly/3ELWC5E[3]

    More Parker Solar Probe news:

    https://bit.ly/3EOVEpl[4]

    A new video from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/pU6i_2FVR2g[5]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[6]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[7]

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[8] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[9] .

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10] .

    Sunspot numbers for September 14 through 20, 2023 were 110, 96, 88,
    94, 139, 143, and 159, with a mean of 118.4.  10.7 cm flux was
    145.2, 139.1, 140.4, 144.6, 154.5, 166.1, and 155.5, with a mean of
    149.3. Estimated planetary A indices were 18, 7, 7, 16, 30, 49, and
    16, with a mean of 20.4. Middle latitude A index was 13, 7, 5, 14,
    21, 38, and 15, with a mean of 18.1.

     


    [1] https://solarham.net/
    [2] https://www.ionosonde.iap-kborn.de/actuellz.htm
    [3] https://bit.ly/3ELWC5E
    [4] https://bit.ly/3EOVEpl
    [5] https://youtu.be/pU6i_2FVR2g
    [6] k7ra@arrl.net
    [7] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [8] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [9] http://k9la.us/
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Sep 29 13:10:34 2023
    09/29/2023

    Solar activity was up for this reporting week, September 21-27.
    Eight new sunspot groups appeared, two on September 21, two more on
    September 22, two more on September 25, another on September 26 and
    another on September 27.

    The average daily sunspot number jumped from 118.4 to 170.6, while
    average daily solar flux went from 149.3 to 168.8.

    The Autumnal Equinox was last weekend in the Northern Hemisphere, so
    our Earth is bathed in equal amounts of solar radiation in both
    hemispheres.

    The average daily planetary A index went from 20.4 to 17, while
    middle latitude numbers changed from 18.1 to 13.7. Thursday had the
    strongest geomagnetic activity, and Alaska's college A index was 68,
    triggering a geomagnetic storm with aurora visible across the
    northern tier of the United States. Activity peaked around 1200-1800
    UTC, with planetary K index at 5.33.

    Regarding solar flux predictions, the next predicted peak is at 168
    on October 20-23.

    Predicted flux values are 148 on September 29-30, then 145, 143 and
    145 on October 1-3, 148 on October 4-5, 155 on October 6, 160 on
    October 7-8, 155 on October 9, 150 on October 10-11, 145 on October
    12-14, then 150, 155, 155, 160 and 165 on October 15-19, 168 on
    October 20-23, then 164, 160, 160, 168 and 150 on October 24-28,
    then 145 and 150 on October 29-30, 155 on  October 31 through
    November 2, 160 on November 3-4, and 155 on November 5.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5, 12, and 8 on September 29 through
    October 1, then 8, 15, 12, 8 and 15, on October 2-5, then 5 on
    October 6-21, then 10 and 8 on October 22-23, and 5 on October 24
    through November 7, and 55 on November 8.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - September 27, 2023 from OK1HH:
     
    "During September we saw nearly regular fluctuations in solar and
    geomagnetic activity. M-class flares occurred nearly every day, some accompanied by plasma eruptions (CMEs). On 24-25 September, the
    fourth and strongest solar-origin proton cloud (G3) of the month
    struck Earth.

    "With such a large number of disturbances, each lasting several
    days, there was a significant decrease in MUF and a general
    deterioration of shortwave propagation (September 3-5, 13-15, 18-20
    and since 25 September).

    "After these disturbances, due to the high solar activity,
    relatively rapid improvements followed, the best of which was
    observed from 10 September onward. It culminated in a positive phase
    of disturbance during the daytime hours of UTC on 12 September, with
    the highest MUF values, and thus the best opening of the upper
    shortwave bands. This also made the following deterioration, which
    started already on the night of 13 September, even more noticeable.

    "Given the number and duration of disturbances and despite several improvements, overall propagation was below average. This pattern
    began in August and given the trend in solar activity, looks set to
    continue for the time being."

    Gregory Andracke, W2BEE sent these two articles about Aurora
    Borealis:

    https://nbcnews.to/3PUVH9q[1]

    https://bbc.in/3PQLhrj[2]

    Check out his web site:

    http://www.andracke.com/[3]

    Here are more articles and videos about aurora:

    https://bit.ly/3PEnsl4[4]

    https://bit.ly/3PU22Sy[5]

    https://bit.ly/48ASMtK[6]

    https://bit.ly/46w7CzQ[7]

    https://bit.ly/3PXAGuX[8]

    https://bit.ly/48A6Kfk[9]

    https://bit.ly/3PBgE7V[10]

    https://bit.ly/3PzOJFw[11]

    https://bit.ly/469xDFw[12]

    https://bit.ly/3rvgRBA[13]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[14]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[15] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[16] .

    Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[17]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[18] .

    Sunspot numbers for September 21 through 27, 2023 were 159, 184,
    198, 172, 164, 179, and 138, with a mean of 170.6. 10.7 cm flux was
    168.1, 175.7, 173, 173.7, 170.2, 164.9, and 156, with a mean of
    168.8. Estimated planetary A indices were 10, 8, 10, 21, 23, 32, and
    15, with a mean of 17. Middle latitude A index was 10, 7, 9, 17, 15,
    26, and 12, with a mean of 13.7.

     


    [1] https://nbcnews.to/3PUVH9q
    [2] https://bbc.in/3PQLhrj
    [3] http://www.andracke.com/
    [4] https://bit.ly/3PEnsl4
    [5] https://bit.ly/3PU22Sy
    [6] https://bit.ly/48ASMtK
    [7] https://bit.ly/46w7CzQ
    [8] https://bit.ly/3PXAGuX
    [9] https://bit.ly/48A6Kfk
    [10] https://bit.ly/3PBgE7V
    [11] https://bit.ly/3PzOJFw
    [12] https://bit.ly/469xDFw
    [13] https://bit.ly/3rvgRBA
    [14] k7ra@arrl.net
    [15] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [16] http://k9la.us/
    [17] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [18] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Oct 6 19:30:25 2023
    10/06/2023

    At 2308 UTC on October 5, the Australian Space Weather Forecasting Centre issued a geomagnetic disturbance warning.

    "A recent, mild CME impact, combined with the expected arrival of a coronal hole high speed wind stream on 7 Oct, gives the chance for G1 geomagnetic conditions over 6 and 7 Oct."

    Seven new sunspot groups emerged over the past week, but overall solar activity declined.

    With consecutive dates you can initiate an animation using the back and forward buttons on your browser.

    We are currently enjoying improved HF propagation with the change of seasons after the autumnal equinox.  This is particularly noticeable on 12 and 10 meters.

    Here is an optimistic news story about the current solar cycle.

    https://cdapress.com/news/2023/oct/02/were-strong-solar-cycle/[1]

    https://bit.ly/3RMPjT1[2]

    One new sunspot group appeared on September 30, three more on October 1, and one on each of the following days, October 2, 3 and 4.  On October 5, two more sunspot groups appeared, and the daily sunspot number shot up to 179, the highest since September 26. Previously, a high of 219 was on July 12.

    Average daily sunspot number declined from 170.6 to 128.6, while average daily solar flux went from 168.8 to 155.6.

    Geomagnetic indicators were quieter.  Average daily planetary A index went from 17 to 9.1, and average daily middle latitude A index declined from 13.7 to 8.9.

    The outlook for the next month has predicted solar flux at 158 on October 6 and 7, 155, 152, 152, 150 and 145 on October 8 to 12, 158 on October 13 and 14, 156 on October 15 to 17, 154 on October 18 to 20, 152 on October 21, 154 on October 22 and 23, 156 and 158 on October 24 and 25, 160 on October 26 to 28, 162 on October 29 to 31, then 164 on November 1 to 3, 168 on November 4, 165 on November 5 and 6, 162 and 160 on November 7 and 8, 158 on November 9 and 10, and 156 on November 11 to 13.

    Predicted planetary A index is 18, 25, 10 and 5 on October 6 to 9, 8 on October 10 and 11, 5 on October 12 to 21, then 10 and 8 on October 22 to 23, 5 on October 24 to 28, then 15, 12, 8, 15 and 8 on October 29 through November 2, and 5 on November 3 through the middle of the month.

    Flares in the news:

    https://bit.ly/46AiGMs[3]

    https://bit.ly/3PG9MX3[4]

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's Ionosphere -- October 5, 2023 from Frantisek K. Janda, OK1HH.

    "After witnessing a number of solar flares (though at most of moderate magnitude) during the past month, plus three solar plasma cloud impacts (CMEs), late September and early October, which were a bit quieter.

    However, the development of solar and especially geomagnetic activity was so irregular that it was difficult to make predictions for the following days.
    The geomagnetic calm on 28 September did not mean an improvement in shortwave propagation conditions, but rather a deterioration compared to the previous day, which was not calm.  The improvement on 2 and 3 October was the result of a relative calm with non-declining solar activity.

    Subsequent developments were mostly quieter.  Nevertheless, there were significant fluctuations in MUF on 4 October with a slight deterioration.  The explanation for the causes can be found mainly in the timing of the overall development.  Specifically, deterioration often occurred after geomagnetic activity increased overnight.  In addition, sporadic layer E activity increased at times (especially on 4-5 October).  There was also a slight increase in the concentration of protons in the solar wind on 3 October and especially still on 5 October.

    Irregular propagation conditions can be expected to continue, yet there should already be less of a difference between expectations and actual developments in October than there was in September."

    W2BEE sent this about aurora: https://bit.ly/3ZHLUGU[5]

    Time lapse animation of sunspot:

    https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8ofnhg[6]

    Max White M0VNG sent this, about the solar atmosphere:

    https://bit.ly/3ZJydau[7]

    Check these links for the upcoming HamSCI propagation tests during upcoming solar eclipses, the first on October 14, 2023:

    https://www.hamsci.org/eclipse[8]

    http://www.arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive/ARLX013/2023[9]

    New report from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/_eWJ8THt3pM[10]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[11] .  When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at

    http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive- propagation  .  More good information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[12]

    Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[13]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[14]

    Sunspot numbers for September 28 through October 4, 2023 were 109, 102, 106, 136, 146, 150, and 151, with a mean of 128.6.  10.7 cm flux was 147.8, 155, 159.1, 161.1, 157.4, 153.7, and 155, with a mean of 155.6.  Estimated planetary A indices were 6, 12, 10, 9, 9, 8, and 10, with a mean of 9.1.  Middle latitude A index was 5, 13, 11, 9, 10, 6, and 8, with a mean of 8.9.


    [1] https://cdapress.com/news/2023/oct/02/were-strong-solar-cycle/
    [2] https://bit.ly/3RMPjT1
    [3] https://bit.ly/46AiGMs
    [4] https://bit.ly/3PG9MX3
    [5] https://bit.ly/3ZHLUGU
    [6] https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8ofnhg
    [7] https://bit.ly/3ZJydau
    [8] https://www.hamsci.org/eclipse
    [9] http://www.arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive/ARLX013/2023
    [10] https://youtu.be/_eWJ8THt3pM
    [11] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [12] http://k9la.us/
    [13] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [14] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Oct 13 09:52:53 2023
    10/13/2023

    The numbers looked better during this reporting week, October 5-11.

    Average daily sunspot numbers rose from 128.6 to 144.1, and average
    solar flux from 155.6 to 159.1.

    Average daily planetary A index went from 9.1 to 7.6, and average
    middle latitude A index from 8.9 to 8.3.

    For some reason the middle latitude numbers were not available from Fredericksburg, Virginia so we used the data from Boulder, Colorado.

    Nine new sunspot groups emerged this week, with two on October 5,
    one on October 7, two on October 8, one on October 9, another on
    October 10, and two more on October 11.

    HF conditions have been excellent, as the season turns deeper into
    Autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. I really notice a difference on
    10, 12 and 15 meters.

    Predicted solar flux is 156 on October 13, 155 on October 14-16, 152
    on October 17-18, then 150, 148, 150 and 152 on October 19-22, 152
    on October 23-24, 158 on October 25, 160 on October 26-28, 158 on
    October 29-30, 156 on October 31 through November 1, then 155, 156,
    156, 158 and 160 on November 2-6, 158 on November 7-8, then 156 on
    November 9-10, then 155, 154, 152 and 150 on November 11-14, 148 on
    November 15-16, then 150, 152, 154 and 154 on November 17-20.

    Predicted planetary A index is 12, 10, 8, 5, 12, 10 and 8 on October
    13-19, 5 on October 20-30, 15 and 12 on October 31 through November
    1, 5 on November 2-5, then 10, 8, and 10 on November 6-8, 15 on
    November 9-10, then 8 on November 11, and 5 on November 12 to the
    end of the month.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere October 13-19, 2023, from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:

    "Unlike most days in September, the Earth's geomagnetic activity has
    finally dropped. Solar activity is high enough that there was a
    significant improvement in shortwave propagation on a global scale.

    "Around October 7, although there was still a possibility that Earth
    would be hit by a CME that left the Sun on October 3, it did not
    happen. Whereupon, especially on quiet days in the middle of this
    week, the improvement was unmistakable.

    "Two or three sunspot groups continue to be observed on the Sun.
    They are able to produce up to moderate intensity flares. But the
    area of the spots is not large, so we do not expect a CME based on
    their magnetic configuration either.

    "Thanks to helioseismology, we know of more extensive active regions
    on the far side of the Sun. Therefore, it is safe to assume that
    solar activity will be elevated for the rest of October. Which of
    course brings with it possible increases in solar wind speeds with
    higher particle concentrations, but this is not enough to predict a disturbance, only to vaguely state the possibility of one."

    Dan, K7SS wrote:

    "Just an FYI to those of us who may know anyone new to HF, and the
    fact that 10m seems to be at a fantastic peak of conditions
    recently, it would be a great shame for anyone who is new to HF to
    miss this peak (or pre-peak?) with 10m so open during the daylight
    and well into the evening darkness. Just recall the thrill of DX you
    had early on.

    "Would like to encourage everyone [in the club] to think about who
    they might know that's pretty new and give a gentle prod to get them
    on 10m. Even with a minimal antenna and power, the band is
    supporting signals around the world right now. This may be our peak,
    or perhaps this is a bellwether of things to come and may get even
    better, but maybe not!

    "If any tech licensee can get on 10m with even a minimal signal, it
    will not disappoint. 28300 to 28500 kHz is theirs, and the
    playground is full. And no place better to get the DX BUG than by
    working some EU with low power and a small wire or vertical antenna.
    NOW IS THE TIME.

    "You don't want to have to explain in a year or two from now, that
    they SHOULD have been on working DX and if not, may have to wait for
    another cycle peak in 12-14 years.

    "Personally, I'm having the time of my life with EU openings in the
    morning around 10AM-12PM local. The THRILL IS BACK! 10m Lives."

    An article about a 15,000 year history of extreme solar events:

    https://bit.ly/3FctowT[1]

    Commercial space companies approach their first solar maximum:

    https://bit.ly/46Cx6Ma[2]

    Korean records from the 14th to 19th centuries reveal sunspot cycle
    history:

    https://bit.ly/3ZUo2Af[3]

    Safely watch the eclipse with a disco ball. (I do not know if this
    is actually safe):

    https://bit.ly/3tBhgmz[4]

    Articles about the "Ring of Fire" solar eclipse:

    https://wapo.st/3rNEHIY[5]

    https://bit.ly/3FeOQSc[6]

    An article about the Sun's polarity flip:

    https://bit.ly/3LWZ7WF[7]

    Video about Sunspot AR3038:

    https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8oratl[8]

    Optimistic outlook on Aurora:

    https://bit.ly/46tIOcb[9]

    Don't forget the eclipse event this Saturday, October 14:

    www.hamsci.org/eclipse[10]

    And at the last minute Thursday night, a new video from Dr. Tamitha
    Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/iwp-M_i-TMw[11]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[12]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[13] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[14] .

    Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[15]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[16] .

    Sunspot numbers for October 5 through 11, 2023 were 179, 138, 145,
    149, 129, 120, and 149, with a mean of 144.1. 10.7 cm flux was
    156.1, 155.3, 157.2, 157.1, 165.5, 164.4, and 158, with a mean of
    159.1. Estimated planetary A indices were 16, 9, 5, 7, 8, 4, and 4,
    with a mean of 7.6. Middle latitude A index was 17, 8, 4, 10, 9, 6,
    and 4, with a mean of 8.3.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/3FctowT
    [2] https://bit.ly/46Cx6Ma
    [3] https://bit.ly/3ZUo2Af
    [4] https://bit.ly/3tBhgmz
    [5] https://wapo.st/3rNEHIY
    [6] https://bit.ly/3FeOQSc
    [7] https://bit.ly/3LWZ7WF
    [8] https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8oratl
    [9] https://bit.ly/46tIOcb
    [10] https://www.hamsci.org/eclipse
    [11] https://youtu.be/iwp-M_i-TMw
    [12] k7ra@arrl.net
    [13] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [14] http://k9la.us/
    [15] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [16] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Oct 20 13:15:31 2023
    10/20/2023

    Sunspot activity dropped dramatically this week, with only two new
    sunspot groups emerging, on October 14 and 16.

    Compared to last week, the average daily sunspot number slipped from
    144.1 to 89.4, and average daily solar flux from 159.1 to 145.1.

    Average daily planetary A index changed from 7.6 to 6.4, and average
    daily middle latitude A index from 8.3 to 5.

    Predicted solar flux is 128 and 130 October 20-21, 132 on October
    22-23, 134 on October 24-25, 136 on October 26, 145 on October
    27-28, 150 on October 29 through November 5, 140 on November 6-9,
    135 on November 10-11, 145 and 140 on November 12-13, 135 on
    November 14-15, then 140 on November 16-18, 135 and 140 on November
    19-20, 145 on November 21-24, and 150 through the end of the month.

    Predicted planetary A index is 22, 14, 12, 10 and 8 on October
    20-24, 5 on October 25-26, 8 on October 27-30, 10 and 12 on October
    31 through November 1, 5 on November 2-8, 12 and 8 on November 9-10,
    5 on November 11-12, 12 on November 13-14, then 10 and 8 on November
    15-16, 5 on November 17-22, and 8 on November 23-26.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - October 19, 2023 from OK1HH:
     
    "In the last ten days, the number of sunspot groups has dropped from
    ten to three. At the same time the solar flux has dropped
    significantly - from 166 to 135. The last two slightly larger solar
    flares were observed on 16 October. The larger of the two occurred
    in AR3467. The magnetic filament associated with it exploded and
    blew a CME into space.

    "According to NASA's models, while it didn't head directly for
    Earth, it still likely hit it on October 18 (the original estimate
    was that it would happen a day later). Which, while not enough to
    cause a geomagnetic storm, was enough to reach an 'unsettled' state.

    "This was followed by an erratic MUF from 18 October and then a
    decline on 19 October. These lines are written at a time when short
    periods of G1 (Minor) geomagnetic storms are not yet ruled out on 19
    October, with a possible duration into the first half of 20 October
    UT.

    "A return of larger sunspots and a rise in solar flux towards 150
    can be expected by the end of the month."

    Regarding 10 meter comments by K7SS in last week's Propagation
    Forecast bulletin, Angel Santana, WP3GW of Trujillo-Alto, Puerto
    Rico responded, "I second Dan's, K7SS comments on getting on the air
    even if you are a Tech on 10 meters.

    "I can attest that the band is in good shape: Can contact European
    stations with ease even if my antenna is pointing to the US and when
    it is 2pm local can still contact them when they are at their local
    8-10 pm.

    "My score in contests recently reflect more QSOs on 10 meters and
    now that we are in contest season it is a great opportunity to get
    on the air and see how many countries you can work.

    "You can also check and hear SSTV signals on 28.680 MHz as of late
    confirming that the band is truly live. And of course, the FM
    (29-29.8 MHz) segment."

    Dr. Julio Medina, NP3CW wrote:

    "Sending some information of activity in 6M band since May to
    October 2023.

    "Been copying stations from Japan, China, Africa, and many others
    such as Philippines on FT8 early in the morning from 1200-1400 UTC
    in FT8 in the 6m band."

    Jon, N0JK wrote on October 6:

    "The 6 meter sporadic-E - linking to TEP (trans equatorial
    propagation) openings usually occur in the afternoon. But there was
    a late evening Es -- TEP opening on October 6.

    "Earlier in the afternoon October 6 I had some weak TEP from South
    America to Kansas.  It faded out around 0030 UTC. Then some
    sporadic-E took place. Sporadic-E is rare in October, the only month
    with less Es is March. That itself is noteworthy, and I logged
    stations in Arizona and northern Mexico starting at 0100 UTC October
    7 on 6 meter FT8. Then at 0133 UTC I began seeing a FT8 trace at
    2,500 Hz. Then it decoded, and was Dale, CE2SV (FF47) sending a
    report to W0SZ in Colorado. When they finished, I called CE2SV.
    After a couple of calls Dale came back and we completed a contact at
    0136 UTC. His signal varied from -10 dB to -17 dB.

    "What is remarkable is I was operating from home using just an attic
    dipole for an antenna. I also decoded CE3SOC and XQ3MCC. N0LL in
    EM09 also worked some South American stations. This was 'evening'
    TEP, which typically has a shorter range than afternoon TEP. The
    evening TEP signals usually have a distinctive 'TEP flutter' sound
    and sometimes don't decode with FT8.  Q65 can be a better digital
    mode for evening TEP.

    "I saw on the ON4KST 6 meter chat page N9PGG in North Carolina
    worked FK8HA and VK4 stations. This was a sporadic-E link (on the
    same Es I had to the south) out to the South Pacific.

    "On another note -- stations in Central America, the Caribbean and
    northern South America have been making 6 meter Long Path contacts
    with east Asia and Malaysia from 1200 - 1600 UTC the last couple of
    mornings.

    "6 meter long path is best with high solar flux and low geomagnetic
    activity.

    "2023-10-07 15:16 9Z4Y (FK90HM) 50.313.0 FT8 YB0MZI (OI33JQ) LoTW eQSL 18626 km         
    "2023-10-07 15:00 9Z4Y (FK90HM) 50.313.0 FT8 YB0SAS (OI33JS) LoTW eQSL 18623 km          
    "2023-10-07 14:54 9Z4Y (FK90HM) 50.313.0 FT8 YB0COU (OI33IU) LoTW eQSL 18611 km          
    "2023-10-07 14:52 JA6GNL (PM53GO) 50.310.0 FT8 PJ4MM (FK52VE) LoTW 14545 km

    "FT8 CQ AS:

    "2023-10-07 14:38 PJ4MM (FK52VE) 50.313.0 FT8 4W/JH2EUV (PI21) LoTW 18502 km +12"

    A video about predicting Solar Flares (Helioseismology):

    https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8oxp24[1]

    A video about a Class X2 flare:

    https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8oxpu2[2]

    A video about a Cannibal CME:

    https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8oumkk[3]

    A report about Solar Cycle history:

    https://bit.ly/3FpTqwN[4]
     
    The latest report from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/8xHnsvBFTgE[5]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[6]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[7] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[8] .

    Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[9]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10] .

    Sunspot numbers for October 12 through 18, 2023 were 126, 91, 100,
    92, 106, 57, and 54, with a mean of 89.4. 10.7 cm flux was 157.1,
    149, 148.2, 144.6, 144, 137.3, and 135.3, with a mean of 145.1.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 4, 13, 8, 4, 4, 3, and 9, with a
    mean of 6.4. Middle latitude A index was 3, 11, 6, 2, 3, 2, and 8,
    with a mean of 5.

     


    [1] https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8oxp24
    [2] https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8oxpu2
    [3] https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8oumkk
    [4] https://bit.ly/3FpTqwN
    [5] https://youtu.be/8xHnsvBFTgE
    [6] k7ra@arrl.net
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Oct 27 14:28:45 2023
    10/27/2023

    The recent solar activity decline continues. Weekly average daily
    sunspot numbers starting with Propagation Forecast bulletin ARLP039
    on September 21 were 170.6, 128.6, 144.1, 89.4, and 41.9 for this
    week.

    Weekly average daily solar flux for the same period was 168.8,
    155.6, 159.1, 145.1 and 123.5.

    On October 25 Spaceweather.com[1] noted "Solar Cycle 25 roared to life
    in 2021-23, dashing predictions of a weak solar cycle. Forecasters
    have since been expecting a robust Solar Max in 2024 or 2025.
    Suddenly, however, sunspot counts are dropping."

    But they note that in strong sunspot cycles temporary lulls are
    common, and strong activity should resume soon, with a cycle peak
    within the next two years.

    Forecasters provided a recent link to NOAA:

    https://bit.ly/3FyVWko[2]

    The next day they wrote, "NOAA has just issued a revised forecast
    for Solar Cycle 25. Solar Max is coming quicker and stronger than
    previously thought."

    From NOAA:

    https://www.weather.gov/news/102523-solar-cycle-25-update[3]

    Three new sunspot groups appeared this week over October 20-22.

    What is the outlook for the next month?

    Predicted solar flux is 126 on October 27-28, 130 on October 29-30,
    132 on October 31, 134 on November 1-2, 150 on November 3-5, 140 on
    November 6-9, 135 on November 10-11, then 145, 140, 135 and 135 on
    November 12-15, 140 on November 16-18, then 135 and 140 on November 19-20, and 145 on November 21-24, and 150 on November 25 through December 2.

    Predicted planetary A index is 16, 8, 5, 20, 18 and 8 on October 27
    through November 1,  then 5 on November 2-8, then 12 and 8 on
    November 9-10, 5 on November 11-12, 12 on November 13-14, 10 and 8
    on November 15-16, 5 on November 17-22, then 8 on November 23-26,
    and 10 and 12 on November 27-28, and 5 on November 29 through
    December 5.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere from F.K. Janda, OK1HH on October 26, 2023.

    "In the last seven days we observed two surprises. For the first
    time, after the solar flare of 16 October, we saw a geomagnetic
    disturbance on 19 October. But it started on October 18 and
    continued to October 20.

    "Solar activity gradually decreased, M-class flares ceased, and only
    isolated C-class flares continued. By October 23 only two or three
    small groups of spots remained on the solar disk.

    "On October 21, the Earth's magnetic field activity briefly
    increased, which, together with a multi-day decrease in solar
    radiation, caused low MUF values and thus shorter intervals of upper
    shortwave band openings.

    "The geomagnetically quiet development on 22-25 October caused only
    a gradual improvement in shortwave propagation conditions. In
    addition, the daily MUF values were relatively very low.

    "Then, on the 26th, the Earth's magnetic field activity increased.
    Positive phase of disturbance started in the daytime UT, accompanied
    by an increase in MUF (with a maximum around 1300 UT).

    "I don't expect any significant rise in solar activity in October.
    It is indeed forecast for November, but even the STEREO satellites,
    in service for 10 years, have not yet observed more interesting
    activity."

    N0JK wrote:

    "The weekend of Oct 20-22 had some outstanding propagation on 6
    meters.

    "Saturday afternoon October 21 there were Es links to TEP
    (Trans-Equatorial Propagation) on toward the South Pacific from the
    Midwest. N0LL copied FK8CP and ZL1RS on just a hamstick vertical
    while driving from Salina to his home in Smith Center, Kansas. He
    later worked E51WL from his home around 2130 UTC.

    "I was staying at the La Quinta Inn in Scottsdale for the weekend.
    Had my MFJ-9406 along and used a dipole antenna in the hotel room. I
    copied N0LL in EM09, N0KQY in DM98 and N0OT in DM88 on 6 meter Es
    calling DX stations around 1945 UTC. Es in October are rare, and Es
    links rarer still.

    "Later that evening I managed to work W5JAY in EM26 on 6m FT8 via Es
    at 0136 UTC October 22. Power was 7 watts to the indoor dipole. East
    coast stations were working the South Pacific on Es links to TEP.

    "That next afternoon Arizona had Es - link to TEP to South America.
    I copied XE1H in DL80 at the first Es hop.

    "At 2333 UTC on October 22 on 50.313 Rx FT8 copied XE1H in DL80
    calling CQ.

    "October 24 at 2335 UTC copied PY5CC in GG54 via Es link to TEP.

    "Spaceweather.com[4] noted a CME impact October 20. The active
    geomagnetic field boosted the TEP MUF and may have sparked some of
    the sporadic-E as well.

    "73, Jon, N0JK in DM43 (usually EM28)."

    From Mike Schaffer, KA3JAW in Easton, Pennsylvania.

    "Two New Continents on 10 meters 29.600 FM.

    "The upper end of the 10 meter band (29.600 FM) is still kind of
    rough, but on Wednesday, October 18th, 1752 UTC I worked Naama, S01A (Sierra-Zero-One-Alpha) in Western Sahara, Africa, grid IL56hb, RS:
    5x9+ peak both ways. Distance 3607 miles.
     
    "His QRZ page:  https://www.qrz.com/db/S01A[5]

    "Then on Monday, October 23rd, 2206 UTC worked Hirobumi, JF7AWV in
    Kouriyama, Japan, grid PM95vq calling CQ, went back to his call and
    he heard me RS: 5x5, he was a RS: 3x3 moderate QSB. Distance 6502
    miles.
     
    "Just a reminder to operators, please use the ITU Phonetic Alphabet.
    It makes picking out your callsign much more rapidly with less
    confusion under weak propagation conditions.

    "Equipment: Kenwood TS-690S, 80 watts, Cushcraft 10-Meter Ringo 5/8
    wave vertical 10 feet off ground."

    And I have a reminder to FM operators on 29.6 MHz.

    This is the national simplex calling frequency and gets quite busy.
    When making contact, I ask the other station to QSY to a simplex
    frequency, such as 29.2 MHz. [K7RA]

    Latest video from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/vJ2yz7ZHSj8[6]

    Note that this weekend is the SSB portion of the CQ World Wide DX
    Contest.

    See https://www.cqww.com/[7] .

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[8]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[9] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[10] .

    Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[11]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[12] .

    Sunspot numbers for October 19 through 25, 2023 were 39, 56, 65, 48,
    25, 34, and 26, with a mean of 41.9. 10.7 cm flux was 128.7, 125.7,
    122.6, 118.8, 122.1, 121.1, and 125.8, with a mean of 123.5.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 10, 8, 22, 8, 3, 4, and 4, with a
    mean of 8.4. Middle latitude A index was 8, 8, 13, 7, 2, 2, and 3,
    with a mean of 6.1.

     


    [1] http://Spaceweather.com
    [2] https://bit.ly/3FyVWko
    [3] https://www.weather.gov/news/102523-solar-cycle-25-update
    [4] http://Spaceweather.com
    [5] https://www.qrz.com/db/S01A
    [6] https://youtu.be/vJ2yz7ZHSj8
    [7] https://www.cqww.com/
    [8] k7ra@arrl.net
    [9] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [10] http://k9la.us/
    [11] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [12] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Nov 3 17:42:37 2023
    11/03/2023

    "GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 2333 UTC on 02 NOVEMBER 2023 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "A possible glancing impact from a CME first observed on 31-Oct
    combined with a glancing impact from a CME first observed on 2-Nov
    is expected to produce a chance of G1 geomagnetic activity on 4-Nov
    and G0-G1 activity on 5-Nov."

    Seven new sunspot groups emerged in this reporting week, October 26
    through November 1. Two on October 26, one on October 27, another on
    October 28, two more on October 31 and another on November 1. One
    more appeared on November 2.

    Average daily sunspot numbers rose from 41.9 to 76.7, while average
    daily solar flux increased from 123.5 to 137.5.

    Predicted solar flux is 158, 160, 162, 158 and 155 on November 3-7,
    150 on November 8-9, 148, 136, and 134 on November 10-12, 130 on
    November 13-15, then 125, 123, and 120 on November 16-18, then 125
    on November 19-22, and 130 on November 23-26, then 132 on November
    27, 134 on November 28-29, 136 on November 30 through December 2,
    140 and 138 on December 3-4, 136 on December 5-6, then 138. 136 and
    134 on December 7-9 and 130 on December 10-12.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5, 8, 12, 8 and 5 on November 3-7, 12
    on November 8-9, 8 on November 10, 5 on November 11-13, then 8 and
    10 on November 14-15, 5 on November 16-21, then 15, 10, 15, 15, 20,
    15 and 8 on November 22-28, 5 on November 29 through December 5,
    then 12 and 8 on December 6-7 and 5 on December 8-10.

    "Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - November 03, 2023 from F.K. Janda, OK1HH.

    "The coronal hole we saw in the northwest of the solar disk has
    already fallen beyond its limb. Now we're looking at another fairly
    large coronal hole in the southeast. At the same time, both sunspot
    and flare activity decreased in the west and increased in the east. Fortunately, the solar wind from the eastern half of the disk rarely
    reaches the Earth's neighborhood. Therefore, the frequency of
    geomagnetic disturbances is lower.

    "This is valid for most days in the first half of November. As the
    solar activity could also increase, we can expect more stable and
    overall, slightly better shortwave propagation. After that, however,
    the solar flux will gradually return from 160 perhaps to somewhere
    near 120. Therefore, MUF values will begin to slowly decline.

    "As long as the coronal hole remains stable and persists in the
    solar disk after passing through the central meridian, disturbances
    will become more frequent. Therefore, shortwave propagation will
    gradually deteriorate, but no reliable forecast can be made very far
    ahead."

    From Dave, N4KZ in Frankfort, Kentucky, EM78:

    "At 1545 UTC on October 7, I experienced the thrill of a lifetime
    when 3B9FR, Robert on Rodrigues Island in the Indian Ocean, answered
    my CQ on 6-meter FT8. I had already worked 3B9FR 10 times over the
    last 20 years on CW, SSB and FT8 on various HF bands but I never
    anticipated working him on 6 meters.

    "The morning began when I worked HC5VF at 1534 UTC with a very
    strong signal. Hearing nothing else from the south, I turned my Yagi
    toward Europe hoping perhaps someone there would decode my CQ. After
    six unsuccessful CQs, Robert called me. I took a screenshot of our
    QSO. I plan to have it framed for the shack wall. According to his
    QRZ.com page, Robert runs 75 watts to a new 6-element quad on 6
    meters. I was running 250 watts to a 3-element Yagi at 60 feet.

    "On October 23, from 2059 to 2359 UTC, I worked 18 South Americans
    on 6-meter FT8. Stations worked were in Argentina, Uruguay and
    Brazil. Then the band changed around to the Pacific and for the
    first time in some 30 years on 6 meters, I copied stations in
    Australia. I decoded five stations in VK4, two in New Caledonia and
    3D2AG in Fiji. Sadly, despite numerous calls, I did not work anyone
    in the Pacific that day. But it was still a thrill to hear those
    entities for the first time on 6 meters. And of course, the QSO into
    the Indian Ocean, at a distance greater than 10,000 miles, made up
    for it.

    "I was very active on 2-meter SSB and CW from the mid-1970s until
    about 2010 when I grew bored and took down my 2-meter Yagi. Earlier
    this year, I felt the urge to return to the low end of 2 meters.
    This time, FT8 seems to mostly have replaced SSB and CW for
    weak-signal work. Since June 28, I have worked 30 states and 102
    grid squares with my new 13-element Yagi.

    "The big five-day tropo opening in August produced more than 160
    QSOs from Colorado to Connecticut. In the middle of the afternoon
    toward the end of that August opening, I decoded both ends of a QSO
    between WQ0P in KS and W1VD in CT, I had worked both of them
    earlier, but it was really something to watch them working over
    about a 1,500 mile path."

    From Bob, KB1DK:

    "Conditions on 10 meters were fair for the CQWW SSB contest this
    past weekend. While propagation was good from Connecticut to the
    Middle East, south and central Europe, signals from Scandinavia, and north/central Russia were barely readable. This was in sharp
    contrast to the conditions on the weekend of October 14th when I
    worked 45 stations with strong signals in the Scandinavia Contest on
    Saturday morning.

    "On October 15th, I operated mobile for the first time. Using an old
    Kenwood TS-570 and a quarter wave vertical magnetically mounted on
    the roof, I logged 28 QSOs in 2 hours including South Africa,
    Greece, South Russia and Scandinavia with respectable reports from a
    fixed hilltop location. It was well worth the effort to wire up the
    car. I did not want to miss out on the great propagation on 10
    meters, especially after the conditions this past spring and last
    fall.

    "If you have an old rig, consider investing for a magnetic mount and
    a 10 meter whip. You won't be disappointed. My next operating
    location will be from the beach on Long Island Sound.

    "All the best from the east coast."

    K7SS reported to the Western Washington DX Club that he worked 10
    meters only in the CQ World Wide SSB DX Contest, with 643 QSOs in 28
    zones and 75 countries for a claimed score of 177,984 points.

    Articles about an early peak of Solar Cycle 25:

    https://bit.ly/3FF26jh[1]

    https://bit.ly/40ndQQN[2]

    https://bit.ly/45REtys[3]

    Trailblazing female astronomers, one is Mrs. Annie Maunder:

    https://bit.ly/478EfEo[4]

    New video from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/M4VBAuSpVZc[5]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[6]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[7] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[8] .

    Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[9]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10] .

    Sunspot numbers for October 26 through November 1, 2023 were 57, 66,
    70, 61, 62, 116, and 105, with a mean of 76.7. 10.7 cm flux was
    126.4, 127.5, 128, 135.2, 139.7, 147.3, and 158.6, with a mean of
    137.5. Estimated planetary A indices were 23, 11, 19, 28, 12, 9, and
    9, with a mean of 15.9. Middle latitude A index was 18, 9, 13, 21,
    10, 6, and 6, with a mean of 11.9.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/3FF26jh
    [2] https://bit.ly/40ndQQN
    [3] https://bit.ly/45REtys
    [4] https://bit.ly/478EfEo
    [5] https://youtu.be/M4VBAuSpVZc
    [6] k7ra@arrl.net
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Sat Dec 2 15:41:04 2023
    11/14/2023

    "ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 2310 UTC/09 NOVEMBER 2023 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE:

    "G1-G2 geomagnetic conditions are expected over 11-12 Nov, with a
    slight chance of G3 due to the anticipated arrival of a halo CME
    first observed 09-Nov. Conditions are expected to ease to background
    levels on 13-Nov."

    A great, big geomagnetic storm on Sunday disrupted the second day of
    ARRL CW Sweepstakes. Planetary A index for the day was 57, and the
    highest 3-hour planetary K index readings were 6, 6, 7 and 6.33 from
    1200-2100 UTC. This was triggered by a coronal mass ejection (CME).

    This reporting week, ending November 8, saw six new emerging sunspot
    groups, one on each day, except November 6.

    Solar activity improved, with average daily sunspot number
    increasing from 76.7 to 89.7. Average daily solar flux rose from
    137.5 to 151.7.

    Geomagnetic activity increased. Average daily planetary A index
    changed from 15.9 to 22.3 and middle latitude A index rose from 11.9
    to 14.6.

    The most active days were Sunday and Monday when the planetary A
    index was 57 and 40, respectively.

    Predicted solar flux is 140 on November 10-11, then 145, 130 and 135
    on November 12-14, 130 on November 15-16, 123 and 120 on November
    17-18, 125 on November 19-22, 130 on November 23-26, then 132, 134
    and 134 on November 27-29, 136 on November 30 through December 2,
    then 140 and 138 on December 3-4, 136 on December 5-6, then 138, 136
    and 134 on December 7-9, 130 on December 10-12, then 125, 123 and
    120 on December 13-15, and 125 on December 16-19.

    Predicted planetary A index is 10, 8, 8, 12 and 10 on November
    10-14, then 5 on November 15-21, then 15, 10 and 15 on November
    22-24, then 15, 20, 15 and 8 on November 25-28, then 5 on November
    29 through December 5, then 12 and 8 on December 6-7, 5 on December
    8-10, then 8, 10, and 8 on December 11-13, and 5 on December 14-18.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - November 9, 2023, from F.K. Janda, OK1HH.

    "In agreement with the prediction, two CMEs probably hit the Earth
    on 4 and 5 November in succession (at least the second one on 3
    November, also in the northern hemisphere of the Sun, was a 'full
    halo CME').

    "A G1 class geomagnetic storm was expected for the arrival of both
    CMEs. The expectation was gradually changed to G2, but in fact its
    intensity reached G3 (since 5 November 1743 UT, by K = 7).

    "A relatively recently described and still somewhat mysterious
    phenomenon, referred to as 'STEVE' (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement), was also observed.

    "It looks like an aurora, but unlike the aurora, it can be detected
    already in weaker storms (by K = 4 or more). They are caused by hot
    (3000 deg C) jets of gas flowing through the Earth's magnetosphere
    at speeds in excess of 6 km/s.

    "For the shortwave propagation, the positive phase of the
    disturbance development (with increase of MUF and overall
    improvement) was observed not only on November 4, but even better
    after a pause on November 5. This was followed by a massive
    deterioration, especially on 6 November, continuing to some extent
    on 7 November. Although the influx of fast solar wind with enhanced
    proton content continued, an increase in MUF followed with relative
    improvement in shortwave propagation conditions as early as 8-9
    November."

    On Friday, November 3, W0IY wrote:

    "I was very pleased with great conditions to Europe and North Africa
    Saturday October 28 at 1700 UTC on 10 meters SSB. Happily working
    stations when I saw a spot for Vanuatu. Tuned to the freq and easily
    worked him. Didn't change the beam.

    "Sunday morning same conditions and there is a spot for Reunion
    Island. 1 call.

    "Neither sounded like long path. Both strong signals in Cedar
    Rapids, Iowa.

    "Just seems like odd propagation."

    I ran some paths with W6ELprop software, and to Reunion from W0IY
    the best time for 10 meters on this 10,000 mile path would be
    1630-1800 UTC, with possible openings also from 1530-1900 UTC.

    An article on recent aurora:

    https://bit.ly/467cs6d[1]

    A solar eruption resembling a "Canyon of Fire":

    https://bit.ly/3sBIGZo[2]

    Scientists discover new truth about the Sun's structure:

    https://www.indy100.com/science-tech/the-sun-structure-new-discovery[3]

    A new video from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW.

    https://youtu.be/nPrxI0KJmv4[4]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[5]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[6] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[7] .

    Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[8]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[9] .

    Sunspot numbers for November 2 through 8, 2023 were 113, 106, 95,
    81, 67, 74, and 92, with a mean of 89.7. 10.7 cm flux was 158.4,
    156.1, 155.3, 154.8, 146.2, 145.1, and 145.7, with a mean of 151.7.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 7, 4, 14, 57, 40, 18, and 16,
    with a mean of 22.3. Middle latitude A index was 4, 3, 12, 30, 27,
    11, and 15, with a mean of 14.6.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/467cs6d
    [2] https://bit.ly/3sBIGZo
    [3] https://www.indy100.com/science-tech/the-sun-structure-new-discovery
    [4] https://youtu.be/nPrxI0KJmv4
    [5] k7ra@arrl.net
    [6] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [7] http://k9la.us/
    [8] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [9] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Sat Dec 2 15:41:11 2023
    11/17/2023

    "ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 2306 UTC 16 NOVEMBER 2023 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "Two recent CMEs associated with small solar filament eruptions are
    expected to increase geomagnetic activity from mid 19-Nov to 20-Nov.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL MASS EJECTION FROM 19-20 NOVEMBER 2023."

    Solar activity was lower this week, November 9-15, with average
    daily sunspot numbers dropping from 89.7 to 80.1, and average daily
    solar flux from 151.7 to 133.8.

    If these numbers seem a little low lately, we should check the
    bulletin from the same week last year.

    In the November 18, 2022 bulletin average daily sunspot number
    changed from 79.8 to 72.3, so a year later we are definitely still
    trending higher.

    Geomagnetic indicators were also lower, planetary A index changing
    from 22.3 to 10.4, and middle latitude A index from 14.6 to 8.6.

    A single new sunspot group appeared on November 10, another on
    November 12, one more on November 13 and another on November 14.
     
    Predicted solar flux is 118 and 120 on November 17-18,  122 on
    November 19-22, then 126, 135 and 135 on November 23-25, then 140,
    148, and 152 November 26-28, 155 on November 29 through December 1,
    then 152, 150, 148 and 145 on December 2-5, then 140 on December
    6-8, then 145, 135, 130 and 125 on December 9-12, 120 on December
    13-15, then 125, 128, 130 and 132 on December 16-19, 135 on December
    20-22, 140 and 148 on December 23-24, and 152 on December 25-26.

    Predicted planetary A index is 8, 5, 15, 26 and 10 on November
    17-21, then 5, 10, 18, 20 and 12 on November 22-26, 8 on November
    27-28, 5 on November 29 through December 3, then 10, 16, 12 and 10
    on December 4-7, 5 on December 8-9, 8 on December 10-13, then 5 on
    December 14-18, then 15, 12, 18, 20, and 12 no December 19-23, and 8
    on December 24-25.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere November 17-23, 2023 from OK1HH:

    "During the first half of November, solar activity continuously
    decreased, which was not what we would have liked for shortwave
    propagation.

    "Even worse, there were relatively few geomagnetically quiet days -
    only November 2, 3, 11 and 14.

    "There were more days with higher geomagnetic activity: 4-8, 13 and
    15 November. In addition, high levels of free electrons were present
    in the ionosphere during relatively long periods (up to 4 November
    and 7-12 November), which contributed to an increase in the
    attenuation of passing electromagnetic waves.

    "Shortwave propagation conditions in the second half of the month
    should definitely be better as solar activity is expected to
    increase. In addition, with the exception of the last days of
    November (when we expect a disturbance), we expect the geomagnetic
    field to be mostly quiet to only moderately active.

    "If we try to account for the 27-day recurrence, geomagnetically
    active days with fluctuations in propagation should occur after
    November 21 again, but this is really only a guess given the current
    nature of the trend."

    Check this site for an update on current conditions on various
    bands:

    https://dr2w.de/dx-propagation/[1]
     
    From Dick Bingham, W7WKR, an article about Heliophysics and amateur
    radio:

    https://bit.ly/46jYf5O[2]

    An article from NOAA about Sunspots/Solar Cycle:

    https://bit.ly/47iUpv2[3]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[4]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[5] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[6] .

    Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[7]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[8] .

    Sunspot numbers for November 9 through 15, 2023 were 93, 93, 85, 78,
    85, 86, and 41, with a mean of 80.1. 10.7 cm flux was 138.7, 143.9,
    141.5, 137.2, 132.7, 123.8, and 118.9, with a mean of 133.8.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 12, 10, 5, 12, 16, 6, and 12,
    with a mean of 10.4. Middle latitude A index was 8, 7, 4, 10, 15, 5,
    and 11, with a mean of 8.6.
     


    [1] https://dr2w.de/dx-propagation/
    [2] https://bit.ly/46jYf5O
    [3] https://bit.ly/47iUpv2
    [4] k7ra@arrl.net
    [5] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [6] http://k9la.us/
    [7] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [8] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Sat Dec 2 15:41:18 2023
    11/27/2023

    Geomagnetic conditions were very quiet last weekend, good conditions
    for the ARRL Phone Sweepstakes. But there was much more geomagnetic
    activity toward the end of the reporting week, when the planetary A
    index jumped to 30 and Alaska's College A index reached 60, a very
    high value.

    This past weekend was the CW portion of the CQ World Wide DX
    Contest.

    Solar activity really picked up in the past few days, with three new
    sunspot groups on November 17, 18 and 19, then six new groups on
    November 20, another on November 21, and three more groups on
    Thanksgiving Day, November 23.

    Sunspot numbers on Tuesday through Thursday, November 21-23 were
    138, 174 and 176, and the total sunspot area on Thursday was 1560
    millionths of the solar surface, the largest in a long time.

    Average daily sunspot number rose from 80.1 to 83.3, while average
    daily solar flux went from 133.8 to 146. Average daily planetary A
    index went from 10.4 to 10.1, and middle latitude numbers from 8.6
    to 7.3.

    Predicted solar flux is 195 on November 24-28, then 190, 185, 155
    and 152 on November 29 through December 2, then 150, 148 and 145 on
    December 3-5, 140 on December 6-8, 145 on December 9-10, 140 on
    December 11-17, 145 on December 18-23, 148 on December 24, 152 on
    December 25-26, 155 on December 27-28, then 152, 150 and 148 on
    December 29-31.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5 and 10 on November 24-25, 15 on
    November 26-27, 8 on November 28, 5 on November 29 through December
    3, then 10, 16, 12 and 10 on December 4-7, 5 on December 8-11, then
    10 and 8 on December 12-13, 5 on December 14-17, then 10, 15 and 12
    on December 18-20, then 8, 8, 5, 8 and 8 on December 21-25, and 5 on
    December 26-30.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere November 24-30, 2023, from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:

    "After passing through a twenty-seven day low in mid-November, solar
    activity began to increase. Slowly at first, then steeply in recent
    days. What was common to the whole period was that the predictions
    of further developments were not fulfilled. Shortwave propagation
    conditions were, with a few exceptions, worse than expected.

    "In the second half of last week, the Earth's magnetic field was
    calm despite the eruption of a magnetic filament on the Sun on
    November 16, which threw a CME almost directly toward the Earth. We
    expected the CME to arrive on November 19. On the contrary, quiet
    days followed on November 19-20. Then, despite seven new sunspot
    groups and calm in the Earth's magnetosphere, propagation conditions
    did not improve until November 20.

    "Improvement occurred on 21 November, when the onset of the
    geomagnetic disturbance was accompanied by two positive phases of
    development with increases in MUF and an overall improvement in
    conditions (at intervals of 10-13 UTC and 16-19 UTC).

    "The following evolution could be expected - there was a
    deterioration of propagation conditions in the negative phase of the disturbance development on 22 November. However, the deterioration
    was short-lived, after which, thanks to the increasing solar
    activity, an improvement occurred already on 23 November.

    "Although solar activity continues to increase, there is a coronal
    hole near the five active regions in the northeast quadrant of the
    solar disk. This configuration will cause further increases in solar
    wind speed and therefore more frequent alternation of better and
    worse days."

    In a message titled "6 Meter F2 November 22" Jon Jones, N0JK wrote:

    "Despite a predicted CME impact over the weekend of November 18-19
    missing the Earth, the geomagnetic field had minor storm conditions
    November 22. The K index went to 5. This was enough of a nudge for
    the F2 MUF to climb above 50 MHz to South America.

    "I had several HC stations in around 1503z including HC2AO, HC2FG
    and HC1MD/2. The opening lasted about 45 minutes then faded. Later
    F2 appeared to the Caribbean area. I logged PJ4MM in FK52 at 1615z.

    "Stations in the Minneapolis, MN area had an opening to Namibia with
    V51WW working numerous W9 and W0 stations on 6 Meter FT8."
     
    In the current issue of the ARRL Letter there is an article about
    two hams who are 100 miles apart in Florida who made contact via a
    10 meter FM repeater in Switzerland.

    The annual ARRL 160-Meter Contest will be this weekend, December
    1-3:

    https://www.arrl.org/160-meter[1]

    Looking forward, the annual ARRL 10-Meter Contest will be on
    December 9-10:

    https://www.arrl.org/10-meter[2]

    Two new video reports from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/DDh8-j1yOw0[3]

    https://youtu.be/tZ7BZd6LKzU[4]

    Two articles on a big sunspot group:

    https://bit.ly/40TWATp[5]

    https://bit.ly/47P9C7d[6]
                  
    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[7]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[8] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[9] .

    Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[10]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[11] .

    Sunspot numbers for November 16 through 22, 2023 were 28, 26, 39,
    51, 127, 138, and 174, with a mean of 83.3. 10.7 cm flux was 117.9,
    119.6, 127.1, 140.1, 156.5, 171.5, and 189.5, with a mean of 146.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 8, 3, 3, 4, 5, 18, and 30, with a
    mean of 10.1. Middle latitude A index was 7, 3, 2, 3, 4, 15, and 17,
    with a mean of 7.3.

     


    [1] https://www.arrl.org/160-meter
    [2] https://www.arrl.org/10-meter
    [3] https://youtu.be/DDh8-j1yOw0
    [4] https://youtu.be/tZ7BZd6LKzU
    [5] https://bit.ly/40TWATp
    [6] https://bit.ly/47P9C7d
    [7] k7ra@arrl.net
    [8] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [9] http://k9la.us/
    [10] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [11] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Sat Dec 2 15:41:22 2023
    12/01/2023

    "GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING 23/74 ISSUED AT 2321UT/29 NOVEMBER 2023 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "Several CMEs are expected to impact Earth over 30 Nov and 01 Dec. Two CMEs were observed on 27 Nov that were expected to arrive on 30 Nov, followed shortly by a very mild glancing blow from a third.

    "One or possibly two halo CMEs were observed on 29 Nov which are Earth directed.  It is likely all or some of these CMEs will combine on their trajectory toward Earth, making it difficult to pinpoint an exact arrival time, however G3-G4 geomagnetic conditions are possible over this period."

    Over the past reporting week, ten new sunspot groups appeared. Three on November 23, one each day on November 24 to 26, another on November 28 and three more on November 29.

    Solar numbers increased, with average daily sunspot number rising dramatically from 83.3 to 165.9, doubling the previous week's number. Average daily solar flux rose from 146 to 181.5.

    Geomagnetic numbers rose only slightly, with planetary A index changing from 10.1 to 11.6, and middle latitude numbers from 7.3 to 7.6.

    Predicted solar flux is 166 and 162 on December 1 and 2, 158 on December 3 and 4, then 156, 152, 150 and 140 on December 5 to 8, 145 on December 9 and 10, 140 on December 11 to 16, 150 on December 17, then 160 on December 18 to 28, then 165, 160 and 150 on December 29 to 31, then 145 on January 1, 2024, 140 on January 2 to 4, and 145 on January 5 and 6.

    Predicted planetary A index is 54, 22 and 10 on December 1 to 3, 16 on December 4 and 5, 12 and 8 on December 6 and 7, 5 on December 8 to 11, then 10 and 8 on December 12 and 13, 5 on December 14 to 17, then 15, 25, 8 and 5 on December 18 and 21, then 20, 10, 10, and 8 on December 22 to 25, and 5 on December 26 to 30, then 10, 16, 12 and 10 on December 31 through January 3, 2024, and 5 on January 4 to 7.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's Ionosphere December 1 to 7, 2023 from OK1HH.

    "A week ago the CW portion of the CQ World Wide DX Contest was held. Prior to that there were several scenarios of possible developments during the weekend of November 25 and 26, 2023.  In the end the less likely scenario was the one that developed.  This was due to a relatively inconspicuous C-class solar flare observed on November 22.

    "However, a detailed analysis of its evolution revealed that it was preceded by a pre-eruption, which was the first signal that a CME was likely to follow.

    "Further observations from satellites and radio telescopes confirmed the CME and measured the speed of the particle cloud.  Its rendezvous with Earth was expected on November 24, which would have been bad enough for the contest. However, the particle cloud hit the Earth a day later.  Therefore shortwave propagation improved on November 25 (especially in the afternoon UTC, during the positive phase of the disturbance), whereupon an aggravation occurred on the following day.

    "The maximum of solar cycle 25 is approaching.  CMEs, originating from more energetic solar flares, or from solar plasma filament eruptions, are hitting Earth with increasing frequency.

    "For example, at the time of this writing, another geomagnetic disturbance is expected as another CME from the eruption observed on November 28 is expected to hit Earth on December 1 and 2.

    "In the meantime, we are observing a rather large coronal hole in the southeastern solar disk, which will deflate along its southwestern quadrant over the next week.

    "In particular, we are observing active regions to the east of it. This neighbourhood will result in further intensification of the solar wind and variations in geomagnetic field activity over the next week.  Its predictions do exist, but they will not be reliable."

    I noticed that OK1HH has a packet radio address.  His address is:

    Pmail: OK1HH@OK0NAG.BOH.CZE.EU[1]

    Cycle peak in 2024?  https://bit.ly/3sXwrqi[2]

    Cycle peak in the next few months?  https://bit.ly/3N7KOPG[3]

    Predicting cycle peaks.  https://bit.ly/46EKxKU[4]

    A new long video from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/qiHtkXfZnQo[5]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[6] .  When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    A archive of past propagation bulletins is at  

    http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[7] . More good information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[8] Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[9]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10]

    Sunspot numbers for November 23 through 29, 2023 were 176, 184, 179,169, 159, 130, and 164, with a mean of 83.3.  10.7 cm flux was 194.2, 178, 176.4, 180.2, 187.3, 183.5, and 170.6, with a mean of 146.  Estimated planetary A indices were 7, 7, 38, 10, 7, 7, and 5, with a mean of 10.1.  Middle latitude A index was 4, 5, 18, 9, 2, 6, and 9, with a mean of 7.3.


    [1] mailto:OK1HH@OK0NAG.BOH.CZE.EU
    [2] https://bit.ly/3sXwrqi
    [3] https://bit.ly/3N7KOPG
    [4] https://bit.ly/46EKxKU
    [5] https://youtu.be/qiHtkXfZnQo
    [6] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Mon Dec 11 14:05:42 2023
    12/11/2023

    Six new sunspot groups emerged over this reporting week (November 30
    to December 6).

    Last week, using the previous week's Propagation Forecast bulletin
    as a template, the averages were not updated, although all the
    correct data was there.

    So instead of average daily sunspot number of 83.3, it was actually
    165.9, which this week dropped to 121.1.

    Instead of average daily solar flux of 146, it was actually 181.5,
    which this week declined to 146.5.

    Instead of average daily planetary A index of 10.1, it was actually
    11.6, which this week rose to 17.1. Instead of average middle
    latitude A index of 7.3 it was 9, rising this week to 11.4.

    Predicted solar flux is 135, 130, 130 and 135 on December 8-11, 137
    on December 12-15, 140 and 150 on December 16-17, 160 on December
    18-26, then 155, 150, 145, and 140 on December 27-30, then 136, 134
    and 130 on December 31 through January 2, 2024, and 132 on January
    3-5, then 130 and 135 on January 6-7, then 140 on January 8-12.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5 on December 8-9, 8 on December
    10-11, 5 on December 12-17, then 15, 25, 8, 5, 20 and 10 on December
    18-23, 5 on December 24-30, then 25, 10 and 8 on December 31 through
    January 2, 2024, and 5 on January 3-6, then 10 and 8 on January 7-8,
    and 5 on January 9-13.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere, December 8-14, 2023 from OK1HH:

    "After passing through a twenty-seven day low in mid-November, solar
    activity began to increase. Slowly at first, then steeply in recent
    days. What was common to the whole period was that the predictions
    of further developments were not fulfilled. Shortwave conditions
    were, with a few exceptions, worse than expected.

    "In the second half of last week, the Earth's magnetic field was
    calm despite the eruption of a magnetic filament on the Sun on
    November 16, which threw a CME almost directly toward the Earth. We
    expected the CME to arrive on November 19. On the contrary, quiet
    days followed on November 19-20.

    "Then, despite seven new sunspot groups and calm in the Earth's
    magnetosphere, propagation did not improve until November 20.

    "Improvement occurred on 21 November, when the onset of the
    geomagnetic disturbance was accompanied by two positive phases of
    development with increases in MUF and an overall improvement in
    conditions (at intervals of 1000-1300 UTC and 1600-1900 UTC).

    "The following evolution could be expected - there was a
    deterioration of conditions in the negative phase of the disturbance development on 22 November. However, the deterioration was
    short-lived, after which, thanks to the increasing solar activity,
    an improvement occurred already on 23 November.

    "Although solar activity continues to increase, there is a coronal
    hole near the five active regions in the northeast quadrant of the
    solar disk. This configuration will cause further increases in solar
    wind speed and therefore more frequent alternation of better and
    worse days."

    From "Universe Today" a story about a big, big solar storm in 1872:

    https://bit.ly/3RgUWqL[1]

    A story about a big coronal hole:

    https://bit.ly/487quGd[2]

    From "Science Alert" another article about a big hole on the Sun:

    https://bit.ly/41adYDC[3]

    From "EarthSky" a new region on the Sun:

    https://bit.ly/3RxtCWG[4]

    Don't forget, the ARRL 10 meter contest is THIS weekend!

    https://www.arrl.org/10-meter[5]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[6]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[7] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[8] .

    Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[9]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10] .

    Sunspot numbers for November 30 through December 6, 2023 were 138,
    140, 92, 107, 113, 133, and 125, with a mean of 121.1. 10.7 cm flux
    was 166.5, 162, 148.2, 139.2, 137.8, 141.6, and 129.9, with a mean
    of 146.5. Estimated planetary A indices were 5, 56, 14, 11, 9, 15,
    and 10, with a mean of 14.1. Middle latitude A index was 4, 30, 11,
    10, 9, 9, and 7, with a mean of 7.3.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/3RgUWqL
    [2] https://bit.ly/487quGd
    [3] https://bit.ly/41adYDC
    [4] https://bit.ly/3RxtCWG
    [5] https://www.arrl.org/10-meter
    [6] k7ra@arrl.net
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Dec 15 18:13:56 2023
    12/15/2023

    "GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 0132 UTC ON 15 DECEMBER 2023 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "Two predominately westward CMEs were observed on 14-Dec and
    component arrivals are expected on 17-Dec.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED FOR 17 DECEMBER 2023."

    Spaceweather.com[1] issued this alert on Thursday:

    "MAJOR X-CLASS SOLAR FLARE: The Sun just unleashed the strongest
    solar flare of Solar Cycle 25 (so far), an X2.8-class explosion from
    unstable sunspot AR3514. The blast caused a deep shortwave radio
    blackout over the Americas and may have hurled a fast CME toward
    Earth."

    Solar activity declined this week. Average daily sunspot numbers
    dropped from 121.1 to 110.3, and average daily solar flux from 146.5
    to 129.8.

    With such low geomagnetic activity, conditions were good for last
    weekend's ARRL 10 Meter Contest, although some wished for more
    sunspots.

    Six new sunspot groups appeared this week. The first two on December
    8, another two on December 11 and 12, and two more on December 13.

    Geomagnetic conditions were quieter, with planetary A index dropping
    from 14.1 to 5.6, and middle latitude numbers from 7.3 to 4.6.

    Predicted solar flux shows some expected improvement, with values
    peaking at 160 on December 20-22, and 155 on January 23.

    Predicted solar flux is 135 on December 15-16, then 145, 150 and 155
    on December 17-19, 160 on December 20-22, but dropping back to 140
    on December 23-24, 150 on December 25-26, then 155, 150 and 145 on
    December 27-29, then 140 on December 30 through January 2, 2024, and
    135 on January 3-5, then 130, 125, 120, 118, and 120 on January
    6-10, 122 on January 11-12, then 124, 125, and 130 on January 13-15,
    135 on January 16-18, 140 on January 19-20, and 150 on January
    21-22.

    Predicted planetary A index is 18 and 22 on December 15-16, 12 on
    December 17-18, then 18, 8, 8, 20 and 10 on December 19-23, 5 on
    December 24-29, 8 on December 30-31, then 10 and 8 on January 1-2,
    2024, 5 on January 3-6, 12 on January 7-9, 8 and 5 on January 10-11,
    12 on January 12-13, then 15, 25, 8, 5, 20 and 10 on January 14-19,
    and 5 for at least the following few days.

    "Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere December 15-21, 2023 from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:

    "Solar activity has been gradually decreasing over the last seven
    days, broadly in line with the forecast.

    "Most of the flares came from the active region AR3514, which was
    moving from the northeast to the northwest.

    "Eventually, most of the sunspots were in the northwest of the solar
    disk, and as they gradually set over the next few days, solar
    activity should continue to decrease.

    "While activity on the Sun's receding half does not appear to be
    great, there is definitely a larger active region beyond the Sun's
    northeastern limb. This observation is likely the basis for the
    latest forecast from the U.S. Air Force, which predicts a rise in
    solar flux initially to 160, and after a slight drop back above 150
    around Christmas.

    "Shortwave propagation conditions, which have suffered particularly
    in the Earth's northern hemisphere from the decline in solar
    activity, should improve.

    "But developments may be more complicated. Just as a CME originating
    from the solar flare of 11 December with a peak at 2243 UT arrived
    at Earth before midnight UTC on 13 December, triggered a geomagnetic disturbance in the first hours UTC on 14 December and significantly
    worsened propagation, we can expect something similar from the
    stronger flare of 14 December with a peak at 0744 UTC. However,
    subsequent geomagnetic disturbances should be no more intense than
    G1."

    Reader David Moore sent this article from "SpaceNews":

    https://bit.ly/46ZKDNF[2]

    On Wednesday morning Spaceweather.com announced:

    "The best meteor shower of the year is expected to peak on December
    13-14 with no Moon to spoil the show. Rural observers could see
    hundreds of Geminid meteors and more than a few fireballs."

    From Angel Santana, WP3GW in Trujillo Alto, Puerto Rico:

    "The 10 meter contest in my view was pretty nice on average,
    although did notice this:

    "During 0000 UTC on Saturday got always South America for about 3
    hours before the band closed. Then before 1200 UTC got to work
    VR2XAN which was a surprise as my antenna was pointing to Europe (he
    said he was beaming the South Pole) and it's been 10 years since I
    worked Hong Kong for the first time.

    "But then, could not work a few Europeans, and the band likely
    closed to them by 1500 UTC, and the US was pretty strong.

    "Then it closed at 2230 UTC, so SA predominated again. It repeated
    for Sunday.

    "Also noted that there was a lot of fading as some stations
    disappeared for a few seconds to a minute. And the SFI dropped to
    130 which could have been a factor.

    "But for what I am happy is that I accumulated 600 points for the
    VOTA event, and I delivered 35."

    Did you know India has a solar observatory in space?  Here is an
    article from "The Times Of India":

    https://bit.ly/3GGecsH[3]

    From WBZ news, a story about a Massive Solar Flare:

    https://bit.ly/4anifba[4]

    Bil Paul, KD6JUI wrote:

    "The solar flux wasn't optimal for the ARRL 10-meter contest last
    weekend, but it was good enough. There was a lot of activity on the
    voice part of the band.

    "Operating from my kayak with 10 watts and a small homebrew loop, I
    gathered 38 contest exchanges on Saturday and Sunday, around 3-1/2
    hours of operating in total.

    "On Saturday, South and Central America, and Caribbean stations were
    coming in as well as the usual Canadian stations for
    out-of-the-country exchanges. I managed to snap up one Brazilian
    station for DX.

    "On Sunday, I heard Australian stations coming in, but couldn't get
    them to hear me. There were also more Brazilian stations plus a few
    from Argentina.

    "I was operating around noontime. QSB was evident."

    Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW, put out a new video this week:

    https://youtu.be/64CTIrWBGTc[5]

    A couple of interesting QRZ.com[6] pages to check out: KS7ROH for his astrophotography and other projects, and W6BSD for links to his
    propagation pages.

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[7]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[8] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[9] .

    Also, check this article from September, 2002 QST:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[10]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[11] .

    Sunspot numbers for December 7 through 13, 2023 were 121, 125, 125,
    120, 87, 80, and 114, with a mean of 110.3. 10.7 cm flux was 134.6,
    132.6, 127.9, 126.6, 125.9, 126.2, and 134.8, with a mean of 129.8.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 5, 5, 3, 4, 3, 10, and 8, with a
    mean of 5.6. Middle latitude A index was 4, 4, 2, 4, 3, 8, and 7,
    with a mean of 4.6.

     


    [1] http://Spaceweather.com
    [2] https://bit.ly/46ZKDNF
    [3] https://bit.ly/3GGecsH
    [4] https://bit.ly/4anifba
    [5] https://youtu.be/64CTIrWBGTc
    [6] http://QRZ.com
    [7] k7ra@arrl.net
    [8] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [9] http://k9la.us/
    [10] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [11] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Dec 22 15:36:41 2023
    12/22/2023

    The Winter Solstice, the shortest day of the year in the Northern
    Hemisphere occurred at 0327 UTC on December 22. It is the start of
    summer in the Southern Hemisphere.

    Solar activity increased over the last reporting week (December
    14-20), with eleven new sunspot groups emerging.

    One new sunspot group appeared on December 15, four more on the
    following day, another on December 17, three more on December 18,
    and two more in December 19-20.

    Average daily sunspot number rose from 110.3 to 137.4, solar flux
    from 129.8 to 162.7, planetary A index 5.6 to 18.4, and middle
    latitude A index from 4.6 to 13.7.

    The most active day was Sunday, December 17 when the planetary A
    index was 36, and Alaska's college A index was 88.

    The cause was what Spaceweather.com reported as the strongest flare
    of the current solar cycle, an X2.8 class, and it caused a radio
    blackout.

    Here is a video of the brief flash:

    https://bit.ly/3RP3xCw[1]

    Spaceweather.com reported on Wednesday that another flare is coming
    from sunspot group AR3529, and here is a movie they posted:

    https://bit.ly/3tipAbr[2]

    Predicted solar flux is 190, 188 and 186 on December 22-24, then
    182, 180, 170 and 165 on December 25-28, 145 on December 29-30, 150
    on December 31, then 145, 140 and 138 on January 1-3, 2024, then 136
    on January 4-5, then 140, 145 and 148 on January 6-8, 145 on January
    9-12, then 150, 147, 145, 140, and 138 on January 13-17, 136 on
    January 18-19, then 140, 145 and 148 on January 20-22, then 145 on
    January 23-26, then 150, 145, 140 and 138 on January 27-30.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5, 12 and 8 on December 22-24, 5 on
    December 25-29, 8 on December 30-31, then 10 and 8 on January 1-2,
    2024, 5 on January 3-7, 10 on January 8-9, 8 on January 10, 5 on
    January 11-13, 15 on January 14, 12 on January 15-16, and 8 on
    January 17-19, then 5 on January 20-25, and 8 on January 26-27.

    Jon Jones, N0JK wrote, from Kansas:

    "Some winter 6 meter Es December 18-19. N7BHC (EL15) and KD5CAF
    (EL18) into EM28 for me on FT8 around 0100 UTC December 19. Earlier
    stations in Colorado, Kansas, and Missouri had ZL7DX in on 6 meters
    at 2200 UTC December 18."

    Here is a new, long video from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW, from
    earlier this week:

    https://bit.ly/3GPRYET[3]

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - December 21, 2023 from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:

    "Astronomical winter began in the Northern Hemisphere at the moment
    of the Winter Solstice: December 22 at 0327 UTC. On this day is the
    longest night and, of course, the shortest day. The total effect of
    solar X-ray and ultraviolet radiation on the ionosphere of our
    hemisphere was thus relatively the smallest of the entire year, and
    the effects of changes in the solar wind were all the more
    effective. This is also one of the reasons why, despite relatively
    high solar activity, the shortwave propagation conditions are worse
    than we would like and then we expected.

    "Over the next six months, the length of the day will increase until
    the Summer Solstice on June 20. Slowly at first, then faster,
    fastest around the Spring Equinox on March 20. It is certain that
    then the propagation conditions will be significantly better than
    now. It is even possible that the maximum of the eleven-year cycle
    will occur as early as next year, although it would be better for us
    if it did not occur until 2025.

    "Although we have not observed any particularly large sunspot groups
    in recent weeks, there were always one or two active regions among
    them, whose magnetic configuration allowed the development of a
    medium-sized eruption, possibly even with a CME - after all we
    observed several of these. The exception was the X2.8 class eruption
    on December 14 at 1702 UTC, the strongest so far since the beginning
    of the 25th solar cycle, or since the major disturbances in
    September 2017.

    "The eruption originated in AR3514, which was approaching the
    western limb of the Sun. Even though it hurled a fast-moving CME
    into space, it was relatively unlikely to cause strong geomagnetic
    storms here on Earth. Eventually, the CME either missed Earth or hit
    so weakly that it was not detected by satellite sensors.

    "During the rise of the solar flux from 126 on December 12 to 195 on
    December 20, with the corresponding increase in solar X-ray
    radiation, shortwave propagation improved only slightly, actually
    fluctuating, which was expected.

    "The last geomagnetically quiet day was December 13, after which the
    Earth's magnetic field was unsettled to active (more precisely:
    active around last weekend). However, most days until the end of
    this year should be geomagnetically quieter, while the solar flux
    will remain elevated. Therefore, we can expect slightly better
    propagation."

    Here are a number of articles about a Big Flare:

    https://bit.ly/3RQG4Rb[4]

    https://bit.ly/3RRzBpe[5]

    https://bit.ly/48tJtuH[6]

    https://bit.ly/3TAeybV[7]

    https://bit.ly/48pIpbo[8]

    https://bit.ly/488c88X[9]

    https://bit.ly/3tymsrK[10]

    https://bit.ly/3RwJzLh[11]

    https://bit.ly/3RThBuQ[12]

    https://bit.ly/3RRzzh0[13]

    An article about Radio Blackout:

    https://bit.ly/3v5b5Il[14]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[15]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[16] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[17] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[18] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[19] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[20] .

    Also, check this article about understanding solar indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[21]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[22] .

    Sunspot numbers for December 14 through 20, 2023 were 126, 130, 163,
    129, 137, 144, and 133, with a mean of 137.4. 10.7 cm flux was
    155.1, 144.3, 149, 154.6, 161.4, 179.3, and 195.3, with a mean of
    162.7. Estimated planetary A indices were 16, 12, 14, 36, 28, 12,
    and 11, with a mean of 18.4. Middle latitude A index was 13, 8, 10,
    32, 16, 10, and 7, with a mean of 13.7.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/3RP3xCw
    [2] https://bit.ly/3tipAbr
    [3] https://bit.ly/3GPRYET
    [4] https://bit.ly/3RQG4Rb
    [5] https://bit.ly/3RRzBpe
    [6] https://bit.ly/48tJtuH
    [7] https://bit.ly/3TAeybV
    [8] https://bit.ly/48pIpbo
    [9] https://bit.ly/488c88X
    [10] https://bit.ly/3tymsrK
    [11] https://bit.ly/3RwJzLh
    [12] https://bit.ly/3RThBuQ
    [13] https://bit.ly/3RRzzh0
    [14] https://bit.ly/3v5b5Il
    [15] k7ra@arrl.net
    [16] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [17]
    [18] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [19] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [20] http://k9la.us/
    [21] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [22] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Dec 29 22:06:06 2023
    12/29/2023

    The recent reporting week, December 21-27, saw counter-intuitive solar numbers, with solar flux rising but sunspot numbers in decline. This happens from time to time.

    Average daily sunspot numbers declined from 137.4 to 114.4. Only three new sunspot groups emerged, two on December 22, and one on December 27. On Thursday, December 28 one more sunspot emerged and the sunspot number increased from 78 to 83.

    Average daily solar flux rose from 162.7 to 172.6.

    Predicted solar flux over the next month is 145 on December 29-30, 140 on December 31 to January 1, 2024, 135 on January 2-4, 150 on January 5-7, 155 on January 8-11, then 150, 155, 160, 170 and 175 on January 12-16, 180 on January 17-21, then 170, 165, 162, 155 and 145 on January 22-26, then 140 on January 27-30, and 150 on January 31 to February 3.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5, 10, 8, 16, and 8 on December 29 through January 2, 2024, then 5 on January 3-7, then 10, 10 and 8 on  January 8-10, then 5 on January 11-25, then 12, 10, 10 and 8 on January 26-29, and 5 on January 30 through February 3.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's Ionosphere, December 28, 2023 from F. K. Janda, OK1HH.

    "There are active regions on the Sun that may not even be large, but whose magnetic configuration points to the possibility of solar flares, up to moderately important ones. CMEs are no exception, but they may not hit the Earth at all.

    "On December 24, three moderate-importance flares were observed. At least one of them produced a CME. Based on measurements of its velocity, the collision with Earth was predicted to December 27. However, nothing happened, and despite the extension of the prediction of the onset of the disturbance by a day, calm continued on 28 December.

    "For many days now there has been such a large active region on the Sun's far side that it is affecting the vibration of the entire Sun. In addition, it has been observed by NASA's Mars Perseverance rover camera. While it is primarily designed to see if there is dust in the air, it can see large sunspots and, most importantly, the sun's far side is now visible from Mars.

    "So we await the return of AR 3514, which will rise in the northeastern solar disk shortly after the New Year. It will be a significant contributor to the further rise in solar activity in the days ahead. Furthermore, longer term forecasts are calling for high solar activity in the second half of January. So perhaps we will finally see an improvement in shortwave conditions."

    Don't forget ARRL Straight Key Night is this weekend, for all of New Years Day (UTC), so that starts at 4:00 PM Sunday here on the Left Coast where I live. Operate CW in a casual event using your straight key or semi-automatic bug.

    Recent activity: https://bit.ly/3vhqLIE[1]

    Sun as revolving field motor: https://bit.ly/41CbEFA[2]

    Aurora: https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8qwdc5[3]

    2023 solar activity:

    http://tinyurl.com/55x96tfd[4]   https://bit.ly/3RYngj1[5]

    Cosmic spectacle: https://bit.ly/41C8kdR[6]

    Larger storms: https://bit.ly/3RDl4fB[7]

    Tamitha Skov's latest report: https://youtu.be/-xt-qMPQWwE[8]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[9] . When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[10]  and the ARRL Technical Information Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[11] . For an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see

    http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[12]  

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at

    http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[13] . More good information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[14]

    Also, check this: https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[15]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[16]

    Sunspot numbers for December 21 through 27, 2023 were 138, 157, 123, 113, 98, 94, and 78, with a mean of 114.4. 10.7 cm flux was 193.6, 186.7, 174.2, 183.4, 166.7, 154.2, and 149.4, with a mean of 172.6. Estimated planetary A indices were 5, 4, 7, 9, 4, 5, and 4, with a mean of 5.4. Middle latitude A index was 3, 3, 5, 7, 2, 4, and 4, with a mean of 4.


    [1] https://bit.ly/3vhqLIE
    [2] https://bit.ly/41CbEFA
    [3] https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8qwdc5
    [4] http://tinyurl.com/55x96tfd
    [5] https://bit.ly/3RYngj1
    [6] https://bit.ly/41C8kdR
    [7] https://bit.ly/3RDl4fB
    [8] https://youtu.be/-xt-qMPQWwE
    [9] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [10] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [11] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [12] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [13] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [14] http://k9la.us/
    [15] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [16] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Jan 5 21:24:49 2024
    01/05/2024

    Only four new sunspot groups emerged over the past week, one on
    December 28, another on December 31, and two more on January 2 and
    3.

    Solar indices sank. The average daily sunspot number declined from
    114.4 to 63.4, and average daily solar flux from 172.6 to 141.9.

    Average daily planetary A index rose from 8.4 to 6.7 and middle
    latitude numbers from 4 to 5.1.

    Predicted solar flux over the next few weeks is 130 on January 5-7,
    135 on January 8-10, 140 on January 11, 155 on January 12-14, then
    160, 165, 160 and 155 on January 15-18, 150 on January 19-21, then
    145 and 140 on January 22-23, and 135 on January 24-26, 130 and 145
    on January 27-28, 140 on January 29-30, 145 on January 31 through
    February 1, 150 on February 2-4, 155 on February 5-6, 160 on
    February 7, and 155 on February 8-10.

    This is from the Thursday forecast, which looks substantially weaker
    than the Wednesday outlook in Thursday's ARRL Letter.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5, 5, 8, 10 and 8 on January 5-9,
    then 5 on January 10-26, then 8, 15 and 12 on January 27-29, 8 on
    January 30-31, 5 on February 1-3, then 10, 10 and 8 on February 4-6,
    and 5 on February 7-18.

    Solar activity looks soft of late, but perhaps we will see a double
    peak in this cycle.

    But look at this illustration comparing progress in the current
    cycle against the last cycle, month by month since each minimum:

    https://bit.ly/4aMBefh[1]

    Page down to the second chart, labeled "Solar Cycle Comparison."

    There is some confusion because of the similarity in colors.

    The red line is the last cycle, probably smoothed by monthly
    averages.  The blue green line inside it is probably a conventional
    moving average with points on the line smoothed over a year.

    The yellow line is the current cycle, also probably smoothed over a
    year, and the light blue green line is the current cycle, probably
    smoothed with monthly numbers.

    This looks promising for more activity to come.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere, January 4, 2024, from F.K. Janda, OK1HH.

    "The first celebrations of the end of the calendar year in Western
    civilization are associated with the person of the canonized Pope
    Silvester I, who died on the last day of the year 335. However, no
    one expected that December 31, 2023, would be celebrated with
    fireworks all the way on the Sun.

    "Helioseismological observations focused on a large active region
    approaching the northeastern limb of the solar disk from the far
    side, and large spots on the far side of the Sun were seen by the
    camera of the Perseverance rover on Mars. But no one actually
    expected a proton solar flare, the largest in the current
    eleven-year cycle.

    "The X5.0 eruption in X-ray band 1 to 8 Angstrom occurred at 2155
    UTC in NOAA/SWPC 3536 and was the largest observed eruption since
    the X8.2 eruption on September 10, 2017. In the same sunspot group
    (in the previous solar rotation), an X2.8 eruption was observed on
    December 14, 2023, whereby this was the strongest since the
    beginning of Solar Cycle 25 up to that point.

    "In particular, however, it also contributed to expectations of a
    further increase in activity in the next year or two.

    "Four days later, AR3536 is no longer as large as it was on the
    Sun's far side and about half the size it was in December as AR3514,
    but it is still capable of producing moderate solar flares.  Now AR
    3536 is approaching the central meridian from where a possible CME
    (within the next week) could already be hitting Earth.  At the same
    time, we expect a further increase in solar radiation , which could
    improve propagation conditions in the DX bands. But of course, also
    worsen if a possible magstorm lasts longer or even starts at night."

    I was on a video session on Sunday with Dr. Tamitha Skov and her
    Patreon subscribers. She was displaying the Sun in real time when
    the big flare happened. It was quite dramatic.

    She was also using a setting on Pskreporter.info[2] that I had never
    tried before. The settings are, "On All Bands, show Signals,
    sent/rcvd by Anyone, using All Modes, over the last" (pick a time).

    In real time we could immediately see the effects the flare had on
    propagation. It was fascinating. I use this regularly now to check
    worldwide propagation on all HF bands.

    I asked her if her husband was an astrophysicist, and she said,
    "No." She yelled, "Hey Kent! Come in here."

    Kent is an actor, an acting coach, a producer, and a writer. I asked
    how they met, which was hilarious. You won't read it here, but you
    can email me if you want more details.

    Scott Craig, WA4TTK years ago built some Windows software that sucks
    up solar data from this bulletin and displays it in a nice format on
    his Solar Data Plotting Utility. To update it, you just create a
    plain .txt file of this bulletin and point the program to the file.

    You can download it from http://www.craigcentral.com/sol.asp[3] and
    also on the same page is an updated data file good through 1/3/2024.

    The latest video from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/WN4iqCq4LAU[4]

    An article about a powerful solar storm:

    https://bit.ly/3RO0Ek5[5]

    Two articles about a solar storm that will hit hard:

    https://bit.ly/3vqMhL9[6]

    https://bit.ly/41L5SBI[7]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[8]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[9] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[10] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[11] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[12] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[13] .

    Also, check this article:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[14]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[15] .

    Sunspot numbers for December 28, 2023, through January 3, 2024, were
    83, 92, 48, 55, 44, 59, and 63, with a mean of 63.4. 10.7 cm flux
    was 146.7, 142.9, 139.7, 146.2, 135.7, 142.1, and 140.2, with a mean
    of 141.9. Estimated planetary A indices were 3, 6, 5, 4, 10, 8, and
    11, with a mean of 6.7. Middle latitude A index was 2, 6, 4, 2, 6,
    8, and 8, with a mean of 5.1.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/4aMBefh
    [2] http://Pskreporter.info
    [3] http://www.craigcentral.com/sol.asp
    [4] https://youtu.be/WN4iqCq4LAU
    [5] https://bit.ly/3RO0Ek5
    [6] https://bit.ly/3vqMhL9
    [7] https://bit.ly/41L5SBI
    [8] k7ra@arrl.net
    [9] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [10] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [11] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [12] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [13] http://k9la.us/
    [14] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [15] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Jan 12 17:53:47 2024
    01/12/2024

    Eight new sunspot groups emerged over this reporting week, January
    4-10.

    Four new sunspot groups appeared on January 5, another two on
    January 7 and two more on January 9.

    Average daily sunspot numbers rose from 63.4 to 146.1, and average
    daily solar flux went from 141.9 to 163.3.

    Geomagnetic indicators declined, with planetary A index going from
    6.7 to 4.9, and middle latitude numbers from 5.1 to 4.3.

    Predicted solar flux over the near term is 192, 190 and 186 on
    January 12-14, 188 on January 15-16, then 186 and 184 on January
    17-18, 150 on January 19-21, then 145 and 140 on January 22-23, 135
    on January 24-26, then 130 and 135 on January 27-28, 140 on January
    29-31, then 150, 160, 165 and 150 on February 1-4, 155 on February
    5-6, 160 on February 7, then 155 on February 8-10, then 160, 165,
    160 and 155 on February 11-14, and 150 on February 15-17.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5 on January 12, 8 on January 13-14,
    5, 5, 10 and 8 on January 15-18, 5 on January 19-27, 8 on January
    28-30, 5 on January 31 through February 3, then 10, 10 and 8 on
    February 4-6, and 5 on February 7-22.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - January 11, 2024 from OK1HH:

    "Since the beginning of the 25th Solar Cycle (December 2019), we
    observed 782 sunspot groups, and almost half of them (361) last
    year. Most forecasters believe that the solar maximum will occur in
    2024.

    "The exception is the Bureau of Meteorology Australian Space Weather Forecasting Centre, whose 'OBSERVED AND PREDICTED SOLAR INDICES' table, published on January 4, already showed the probable highest SMOOTHED SUNSPOT NUMBER = 126.4 last November.

    "It should fall further until R = 15.5 in December 2029. But I
    believe solar activity will continue to rise and that we have a
    second maximum ahead of us, no later than 2025.

    "Now there is usually at least one active region on the Sun with an
    unstable magnetic field 'beta-gamma,' capable of producing flares of
    moderate magnitude, possibly with CMEs.

    "Any large flares would be the exception, and proton flares would be
    even more of an exception.

    "Among the more significant moderate-magnitude eruptions accompanied
    by CMEs is the M3.8/2n class event of 4 January at 0155 UTC, which
    produced the Dellinger event (SWF or Shortwave Fadeout) over
    Australia and the surrounding Pacific Ocean. There was silence at
    frequencies below 20 MHz for more than 30 minutes. This flare took
    place in the northeastern solar disk (N04E39), while the CME missed
    the Earth.

    "Other developments on the Sun were quieter, which contributed to a
    relatively long interval of geomagnetic quiet since 4 January
    onwards. At the same time, the intensity of solar radiation
    increased. The result was progressively improving shortwave
    propagation. But seven major active regions can now be counted on
    the Sun's far side. Once they emerge onto the solar disk the
    situation will change."

    NASA's SDO reveals hidden solar storm threat to Earth:

    https://bit.ly/3vxMJXU[1]

    Interesting application for use with Mobile Radio:

    https://www.ve2dbe.com/[2]
        
    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[3]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[4] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[5] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[6] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[7] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[8] .

    Also, check this page:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[9]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10] .

    Sunspot numbers for January 4 through 10 2024 were 64, 121, 149,
    171, 152, 183, and 183, with a mean of 146.1. 10.7 cm flux was
    125.8, 152.7, 159.4, 167.1, 176.2, 175.9, and 186, with a mean of
    163.3. Estimated planetary A indices were 6, 5, 3, 3, 4, 6, and 7,
    with a mean of 4.9. Middle latitude A index was 5, 4, 2, 3, 4, 5,
    and 7, with a mean of 4.3.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/3vxMJXU
    [2] https://www.ve2dbe.com/
    [3] k7ra@arrl.net
    [4] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [5] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [6] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Jan 19 15:24:45 2024
    01/19/2024

    Solar activity increased substantially over the past week, with
    twelve new sunspot groups. One appeared on January 11, five more on
    January 12, another on January 13, two more on January 15, and three
    more on January 16.

    Two more sunspot groups emerged on January 18.

    Average daily sunspot number rose from 146.1 to 167.3, and solar
    flux from 163.3 to 184.1.

    Geomagnetic numbers remained low and practically unchanged, with
    planetary A index moving from 4.9 to 5, and middle latitude A index
    shifting from 4.3 to 3.9.

    Predicted solar flux is 162, 160 and 155 on January 19-21, then 150
    on January 22-23, 152 on January 24-25, 167 on January 26, 170 on
    January 27-29, then 175 and 180 on January 30-31, 185 on February
    1-4, then 187 and 185 on February 5-6, 170 on February 7-8, 175 on
    February 9-10, 190 on February 11-12, then 185, 175, 170 and 165 on
    February 13-16, then 162 on February 17-18, then 160, 160, 165 and
    167 on February 19-22, and 170 on February 23-25.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5, 1, and 10 on January 19-21, then 5
    on January 22-27, 8 on January 28-30, 5 on January 31 through
    February 11, 8 on February 12-14, and 5 on February 15-23, then 12
    on February 24-25.

    In an email report on January 14, Jon Jones, N0JK wrote, "Today
    there are thirteen sunspot groups on the Earthside of the Sun - the
    greatest number so far in Solar Cycle 25. Despite the surfeit of
    sunspots, the Sun has been quiet all weekend. Could it be the calm
    before the storm? One of the sunspots (AR3541) has a delta-class
    magnetic field that poses a threat for X-class solar flares."

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - January 18, 2024 from OK1HH:

    "We've had two weeks of mostly quiet conditions, with relatively
    high solar activity but only a few flares. And most importantly - no
    CMEs hitting the Earth. In addition, 13 sunspot groups were observed
    on the Sun on January 13 - the highest number in the current 11-year
    cycle. Despite the glut of sunspots, the Sun remained quiet.

    "Shortwave conditions were therefore more influenced by changes in
    solar wind parameters. The exception was on 15 January, when
    shortwave propagation was affected by a sporadic-E layer, which
    occurred over Europe before noon UTC and over the USA later in the
    afternoon UTC.

    "Although solar flares were not massive, they were nevertheless
    accompanied by CMEs on several occasions, but were directed away
    from Earth. The biggest of these left the Sun on January 14 and was
    headed toward Mercury and Venus (these planets can be seen in the
    east before sunrise).

    "We are now expecting solar flares of C-class at 0-2 per day, with
    the rare possibility of a M-class flare. Coronal holes are mostly
    small and do not occur near active regions, which also reduces the
    likelihood of geomagnetic disturbances. Therefore, it appears that
    the current relatively favorable trend will continue."

    Bil Paul, KD6JUI in Northern California operates from a fresh water
    kayak, and sent this report:

    "I was out in the kayak yesterday, January 11, with 10w and a small
    loop. With solar flux at 180+ I expected a lot happening on 10m but
    that was not the case. Was disappointed. Did get a few contacts.
    Heard Chile and Argentina coming in fairly strong (I had no luck
    there) and heard very faintly an Israeli station. Best distance I
    contacted was Bermuda, a VP9, on CW.

    "Went down to 12m and had a few more contacts.

    "Quite a bit of QSB on both bands."

    Dave, N4KZ in Kentucky reported via email:

    "For the second time in the past month I have decoded DX signals on
    8 meters. Several countries have authorized their amateurs to
    operate on 8 meters. The FT8 frequency is 40.680 MHz. On January 14,
    2024, at 1540 UTC I saw a spot for 8 meter activity on the DX Summit
    website. As soon as I moved to that frequency, I decoded several DX
    signals from Europe and the Caribbean. But within a few minutes
    signals faded out.

    "About a month ago, I saw an Irish station work an American station
    who has an experimental license for 8 meters. No other activity was
    heard that time. I know of at least one American on 8 meters with an experimental license. He's in Georgia. I'm not sure if there are
    others.

    "I was using my 3-element 6-meter Yagi up 60 feet to listen. On the
    two occasions I have decoded European stations, they had good
    signals. Offhand, crossing the Atlantic on 40 MHz seems much easier
    than at 50 MHz."

    Tolvo, W8JTM of Liberty Lake, Washington sent this report:

    "The 'Santa Claus Polar Path' described by Carl Luetzelschwab, K9LA
    (link follows) is well and good! Not sure if it was winter F2
    ionization or Aurora-E, but I had a nice SSB ragchew with OH6RM on
    10 meters on 15 January when it was 11 PM Finland time (2100 UTC),
    well after the MUF had dropped to not support 28 MHz.

    "Signals were 20 dB over S9 with no flutter the whole time, and
    after I signed off, I heard him work station-after-station all over
    the USA for almost two hours with his signal only dropping to S9.
    It was an incredibly solid path for 10 meters from Eastern
    Washington, some 4500 miles.

    "I also worked into Finland on 17 January on 15 meter phone, but
    there was heavy slow flutter on the signals.

    "As reported by Carl, these polar paths are surprisingly reliable in
    Fall and Winter, and I always enjoy working into Finland where my
    parents were from."

    https://k9la.us/Sep14_The_Santa_Claus_Polar_Path.pdf[1]

    From Scientific American, a story about the upcoming Solar Eclipse,
    with sunspots this time:

    https://bit.ly/3vESa7r[2]

    An image of Sunspot AR3545 from Sky and Telescope magazine:

    https://bit.ly/48BmDCb[3]

    SciTechDaily article about the Solar peak:

    https://bit.ly/4b4f60g[4]

    An article about a gigantic solar hole:

    https://bit.ly/3O5ful2[5]

    Explanation of the Babcock Model:

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babcock_model[6]

    From News Rebeat, the US/Korea to monitor solar storms:

    https://bit.ly/3Snq5ui[7]

    A "Travel and Leisure" article about the Northern Lights with regard
    to a Solar max January to October 2024:

    https://bit.ly/3RXNKQC[8]

    Here is the latest report from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/jo0Tg2W4fEE[9]
        
    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[10]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[11] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[12] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[13] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[14] .

    Also, check this:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[15]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[16] .

    Sunspot numbers for January 11 through 17 2024 were 151, 188, 191,
    183, 150, 150, and 158, with a mean of 167.3. 10.7 cm flux was
    192.5, 186.4, 185.4, 187.9, 182.5, 179.6, and 174.1, with a mean of
    184.1. Estimated planetary A indices were 6, 4, 3, 6, 6, 6, and 4,
    with a mean of 5. Middle latitude A index was 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, and
    3, with a mean of 3.9.

     


    [1] https://k9la.us/Sep14_The_Santa_Claus_Polar_Path.pdf
    [2] https://bit.ly/3vESa7r
    [3] https://bit.ly/48BmDCb
    [4] https://bit.ly/4b4f60g
    [5] https://bit.ly/3O5ful2
    [6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babcock_model
    [7] https://bit.ly/3Snq5ui
    [8] https://bit.ly/3RXNKQC
    [9] https://youtu.be/jo0Tg2W4fEE
    [10] k7ra@arrl.net
    [11] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [12] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [13] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [14] http://k9la.us/
    [15] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [16] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Jan 26 14:46:04 2024
    01/26/2024

    Just four new sunspot groups emerged this reporting week, January
    18-24, one on each day, January 18-21.

    But it looks like we may see flares, CMEs and geomagnetic storms
    over the next few days. Spaceweather.com[1] identified sunspot
    group AR3561 as "hyperactive."

    Sunspot numbers and solar flux declined, and geomagnetic indicators
    rose, but only slightly.

    Average daily sunspot number dropped from 167.3 to 130.6, and
    average solar flux from 184.1 to 173.3.

    Average planetary A index rose from 5 to 7.4, and middle latitude
    numbers from 3.9 to 5.1.

    Looking ahead, we may see a short term peak in solar flux centered
    around February 11, and another about six weeks from now.

    Predicted solar flux is 160 on January 26-27, 150 on January 28 to
    February 1, 170 on February 2, 175 on February 3-4, 180 on February
    5-8, then 190, 190 and 195 on February 9-11, then 190 and 185 on
    February 12-13, 180 on February 14-15, then 175. 170, 175, 175, 170,
    175, and 170 on February 16-22, then 165, 160, 165, 160 and 165 on
    February 23-27, 170 on February 28-29, and 175 on March 1-2, then
    180 on March 3-6.

    Predicted planetary A index is 25, 30, 18, 10 and 8 on January
    26-30, then 5 on January 31 through February 16, and 8 on February
    17-18, then 5 on February 19-24, then 10, 12 and 10 on February
    25-27, and 5 on February 28 through early March.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - January 25, 2024, from OK1HH:

    "At the present stage of the 11-year solar cycle, there are five to
    thirteen groups of spots (or active regions) on the Sun. In three of
    them, we can observe such magnetic configuration that allows the
    development of a larger flare, possibly with a CME.

    "On the other hand, there are relatively few coronal holes on the
    Sun, reducing the likelihood of Earth being hit by an enhanced solar
    wind and then geomagnetic disturbances. Therefore, the evolution is
    quieter, and the level of shortwave propagation is a little calmer
    than we might otherwise expect."

    Glenn Packard, K4ZOT reported from Atlanta, Georgia on January 22
    that he worked New Zealand on 6 meter FT8 at 0257 UTC:

    "I just happened to tune to 6M tonight after being disappointed on
    6M for the Winter season.  Then Bloom, ZL4TT, comes through at R-19
    and me at -08.  Just WOW.  Called once and he came right back to me.
    Band then went dead after the contact.  Amateur Radio still has
    surprised this Olde Man."

    Solar Cycle 25 nearing its peak?

    https://bit.ly/3Sv70GF[2]

    Articles about recent Solar activity:

    https://bit.ly/4b6n48Z[3]

    https://bit.ly/3OiSL5r[4]

    https://bit.ly/3Ohoy6L[5]

    A NOAA article about Solar Cycle Progression:

    https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/solar-cycle-progression[6]

    The latest report from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW, for January 22:

    https://youtu.be/41LGqYbxsvk[7]

    Did you know she has about 84,500 subscribers?

    New, long program from Dr. Skov for January 25:

    https://youtu.be/wQ7VFh_D2Mw[8]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[9]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[10] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[11] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[12] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/ [13].

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[14]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[15] .

    Sunspot numbers for January 18 through 24 2024 were 113, 137, 144,
    150, 139, 123, and 108, with a mean of 130.6. 10.7 cm flux was
    162.3, 157.4, 166.3, 178.5, 196.1, 180.3, and 172, with a mean of
    173.3. Estimated planetary A indices were 6, 8, 6, 6, 9, 7, and 10,
    with a mean of 7.4. Middle latitude A index was 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5,
    and 7, with a mean of 5.1.

     


    [1] https://Spaceweather.com
    [2] https://bit.ly/3Sv70GF
    [3] https://bit.ly/4b6n48Z
    [4] https://bit.ly/3OiSL5r
    [5] https://bit.ly/3Ohoy6L
    [6] https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/solar-cycle-progression
    [7] https://youtu.be/41LGqYbxsvk
    [8] https://youtu.be/wQ7VFh_D2Mw
    [9] k7ra@arrl.net
    [10] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [11] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [12] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [13] http://k9la.us/
    [14] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [15] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Feb 2 18:59:35 2024
    02/02/2024

    "ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 0248 UTC/02 FEBRUARY 2024 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "A CME was observed from 01/0800 UT. This CME is expected to pass
    mostly above the Earth, however a glancing blow is possible either
    late UT day 03-Feb or early UT day 04-Feb to cause possible G1-G2
    geomagnetic storming. A coronal hole wind stream may also contribute
    to enhanced geomagnetic activity.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL MASS EJECTION FROM 04-05 FEBRUARY 2024."

    Seven new sunspot groups emerged this reporting week, but solar
    activity was lower. One new spot appeared on January 26, two more on
    January 28, three more on January 30 and one more on January 31.

    Then on February 1 five new sunspot groups emerged, and the daily
    sunspot number rose to 113, far above the average for the previous
    seven days.

    Average daily sunspot number dropped from 130.6 to 71.6, and average
    daily solar flux declined from 173.3 to 145.4.

    Average planetary A index changed from 7.4 to 6.9, while middle
    latitude averages shifted from 5.1 to 5.6.

    What is the outlook for the next month? Looks like a modest peak in
    solar flux at 175 on February 20.

    Predicted solar flux is 135 on February 2, 140 on February 3-5, 145
    on February 6-8, then a jump to 165 on February 9-11, 170 on
    February 12, 165 on February 13-15, 170 on February 16-19, 175 on
    February 20, then 170, 165, 160, 150, 140, 135 and 140 on February
    21-27, 145 on February 28-29, and 150 on March 1-2, then 155 on
    March 3-4, 160 on March 5, and 165 on March 6-9.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5 on February 2-3, then 14, 20 and 8
    on February 4-6, then 5 on February 7-16, 8 on February 17-18, 5 on
    February 19-24, then 10, 12 and 10 on February 25-27, and 5 on
    February 28 through March 2, then 10 on March 3-4, and 5 on March 5
    through the middle of the month.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - February 1, 2024, from OK1HH:

    "A week ago, it appeared that more activity would come from the
    large sunspot group AR3561, but it has been quiet. Then another
    larger one, AR3559, surprised us when energetic protons began to
    penetrate the Earth's atmosphere in the early hours of January 29
    UTC.

    "Such an event is called a 'radiation storm,' denoted by the letter
    S, and this one was classified as S2. The letter R denotes the
    effects of solar X-ray and ultraviolet radiation, which in this case
    was caused by a fairly massive M6.8 class solar flare. The Dellinger
    effect with a maximum at 0632 UTC affected frequencies up to 30 MHz
    in the region of Western Australia and the adjacent Indian Ocean.
    Protons with an energy of 100 MeV hit the Earth's atmosphere for
    almost the entire day on 29 January, and protons with lower energies
    continued to hit on the following days.

    "Only isolated, weaker C-class flares were observed in the following
    days. However, the Earth was not affected by the CME; its magnetic
    field remained calm to slightly unsettled, and so shortwave
    propagation conditions were generally between average to slightly
    above average.  However, the increased solar radiation caused
    regular daily openings of the upper shortwave bands, including the
    10-meter band."

    UC Berkeley article on Sunspots:

    https://bit.ly/48ThdlY[1]

    Two articles on a Solar Cycle peak this year:

    https://bit.ly/48Yjcpa[2]

    https://bit.ly/3u53ZDK[3]

    Two articles about the Sun's poles reversing:

    https://bit.ly/4bvvmro[4]

    https://bit.ly/42kfljC[5]

    Times Now article about Radio Blackout:

    https://bit.ly/3HGWYfn[6]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[7]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[8] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[9] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[10] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[11] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/ [12].

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[13]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins .

    Sunspot numbers for January 25 through 31 2024 were 101, 97, 52, 75,
    48, 53, and 75, with a mean of 71.8. 10.7 cm flux was 160.5, 156.7,
    148.1, 141.1, 140.3, 135, and 136.2, with a mean of 145.4. Estimated
    planetary A indices were 6, 6, 5, 8, 9, 8, and 6, with a mean of
    6.9. Middle latitude A index was 4, 4, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 7, with a
    mean of 5.6.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/48ThdlY
    [2] https://bit.ly/48Yjcpa
    [3] https://bit.ly/3u53ZDK
    [4] https://bit.ly/4bvvmro
    [5] https://bit.ly/42kfljC
    [6] https://bit.ly/3HGWYfn
    [7] k7ra@arrl.net
    [8] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [9] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [10] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [11] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [12] http://k9la.us/
    [13] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Feb 9 15:19:32 2024
    02/09/2024

    Over the recent reporting week, February 1-7, ten new sunspot groups
    emerged, five on February 1, one on February 2, another on February
    3, two on February 5, and one more on February 7. On February 8, two
    more emerged.

    Sunspot numbers and solar flux rose, and geomagnetic numbers were
    quiet.

    Average daily sunspot number increased from 71.8 to 142.3, and
    average daily solar flux from 145.4 to 165.5.

    Geomagnetic conditions were quieter. Average daily planetary A index
    decreased from 6.9 to 5.1, and average middle latitude numbers from
    5.6 to 4.4.

    Now let's see what the outlook might be over the next few weeks,
    with data from the US Air Force and NOAA.

    Predicted solar flux is 180 on February 9, then 175, 175, 180 and
    175 on February 10-13, 178 on February 14-15, 170 on February 16,
    160 on February 17-21, then 165 and 160 on February 22-23, 150 on
    February 24-28, then 155, 160 and 165 on February 29 through March
    2, 170 on March 3-5, 160 on March 6-9, 170 on March 10, 165 on March
    11-13, 170 on March 14, and 160 on March 15-19.

    Predicted planetary A index is 15, 12 and 8 on February 9-11, 5 on
    February 12-25, then 8 and 7 on February 26-27, then 5 on February
    28 through March 2, 10 on March 3-4, 5 on March 5-23.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - February 8, 2024 from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:

    "As recently as early January, it appeared that the peak of the
    current eleven-year cycle would soon be passed, or perhaps even
    passed late last year. But January's upsurge in solar activity led
    us astray, and February, it seems, could be even more lively.

    "Surprise number two is that although we are seeing moderate flares
    on the Sun, some of which are proton flares and a few of which are
    accompanied by CMEs, the solar wind around the Earth is intensifying
    little.

    "Surprise number three, though related to the previous one, is the
    decline in the Earth's magnetic field activity for more than a
    month.

    "Finally, surprise number four is that although solar activity is
    relatively high, while geomagnetic activity is low, the shortwave
    propagation conditions (as defined at frequencies of 3-30 MHz) are
    not nearly as good as we have become accustomed to during decades of
    similar developments.

    "Even from the proton solar flare with CME ejection observed on
    February 6, we expect the Earth to be hit by an enhanced solar wind
    with a subsequent, at least slight, rise in geomagnetic field
    activity. This should occur between evening hours of UTC 9 February,
    and the following morning. So, the question is slowly emerging
    whether it will be more of a surprise if the disturbance starts or
    if it doesn't."

    Reader David Moore sent this article about slow moving solar flares:

    https://bit.ly/498uM16[1]

    Articles about the consequences of a modern Carrington Event:

    https://bit.ly/49vdPgW[2]

    https://bit.ly/3wf09bS[3]

    Two stories about Radio Blackout:

    https://bit.ly/4bzFQpM[4]

    https://bit.ly/3UztJTd[5]

    Nice pictures of a Big Sunspot:

    https://solarchatforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=43915[6]

    https://bit.ly/3uvFJL5[7]

    Our first Solar Maximum?

    https://www.sidc.be/article/first-sc25-maximum[8]

    The latest report from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/dKZ-qeDbxkc[9]

    Solar news articles:

    https://bit.ly/3uqpnmV[10]

    https://bit.ly/3SMk8Y1[11]

    https://bit.ly/3SPqwxD[12]

    https://bit.ly/4bw6j7y[13]

    https://bit.ly/49Kyoq7[14]

    https://bit.ly/42v9xns[15]

    https://bit.ly/3SzUzrQ[16]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[17]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[18] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[19] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[20] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[21] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[22] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[23]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[24] .

    Sunspot numbers for February 1 through 7 2024 were 113, 131, 123,
    138, 152, 175, and 164, with a mean of 142.3. 10.7 cm flux was
    136.9, 142.6, 156.4, 170.4, 173.4, 190.3, and 188.4, with a mean of
    165.5. Estimated planetary A indices were 5, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 4,
    with a mean of 5.1. Middle latitude A index was 4, 3, 2, 5, 6, 8,
    and 3, with a mean of 4.4.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/498uM16
    [2] https://bit.ly/49vdPgW
    [3] https://bit.ly/3wf09bS
    [4] https://bit.ly/4bzFQpM
    [5] https://bit.ly/3UztJTd
    [6] https://solarchatforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=43915
    [7] https://bit.ly/3uvFJL5
    [8] https://www.sidc.be/article/first-sc25-maximum
    [9] https://youtu.be/dKZ-qeDbxkc
    [10] https://bit.ly/3uqpnmV
    [11] https://bit.ly/3SMk8Y1
    [12] https://bit.ly/3SPqwxD
    [13] https://bit.ly/4bw6j7y
    [14] https://bit.ly/49Kyoq7
    [15] https://bit.ly/42v9xns
    [16] https://bit.ly/3SzUzrQ
    [17] k7ra@arrl.net
    [18] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [19] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [20] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [21] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [22] http://k9la.us/
    [23] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [24] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Feb 16 15:34:05 2024
    02/16/2024

    Seven new sunspot groups appeared over the past week, February 8-14,
    two on February 8, three on February 10, and two more on February 13
    and 14.

    Then on February 15 three more sunspots emerged.

    Now this is a personal opinion, but from recent numbers I suspect
    that we may at the peak of Solar Cycle 25 or just prior to the peak.
    We won't know when the actual peak occurred until six months after.

    Average daily sunspot number declined from 142.3 to 134.6, but
    average daily solar flux increased from 165.5 to 190.

    I don't know why the solar numbers were so seemingly out of whack,
    but average daily sunspot number declined as average daily solar
    flux rose, by a lot.

    Average daily planetary A index rose from 5.1 to 7.4, while middle
    latitude numbers from 4.4 to 6.1.

    The most active day was February 11 with planetary A index rising to
    15, but that is hardly stormy. This was caused by an unexpected CME
    impact at 0211 UTC according to Spaceweather.com.

    So, what is the outlook for the next few weeks?

    Concerning solar flux, it seems we are currently in the midst of a
    peak over the next few days at 185 and 182 on February 15-16, then
    another short term peak at 170 on March 3-10.

    On February 17-23 the forecast sees the flux at 175, 172, 170, 165,
    175, 165 and 160, then 150 on February 24-28, then 155, 160 and 165
    on February 29 through March 2, then 170 on March 3-10, 165 on March
    11-3, 170 on March 14, 160 on March 15-19, then 162, 165 and 160 on
    March 20-22.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5 on February 16-18, 8 on February
    19, 5 on February 20-25, then 8 and 7 on February 26-27, then 5 on
    February 28 through March 23.

    This is the same data that appeared in the ARRL Letter on Thursday,
    which was the report from February 14.

    Unfortunately, NOAA did not post the updated forecast on Thursday.
    Thursday evening, I phoned the NOAA forecast desk, and they didn't
    have the data from US Air Force. I then phoned the 557 Weather Wing
    at Offutt Air Force Base and was told they had a major network
    outage Thursday afternoon, and the data may be lost.

    Fortunately, the phone numbers at both locations are answered 24-7.

    If you need an updated forecast, check:

    https://services.swpc.noaa.gov/text/45-day-ap-forecast.txt[1]

    It is normally updated every day after 2200 UTC.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - February 15, 2024 from OK1HH:

    "Over the past week, we saw the transition of two large active
    regions with complex magnetic configurations on the solar disk:
    AR3575 followed by AR3576, which will be at the western limb of the
    disk on February 16.

    "More massive flares, including proton flares accompanied by CME
    were observed in both regions. Protons from the flares bombarded the
    Earth's atmosphere for most of the days. CMEs, however, hit the
    Earth with little or no impact. This included a strong X3.4 class
    solar flare followed by a S2 class radiation storm on 9th February.
    Energetic solar protons impacted the upper layers of the Earth's
    atmosphere and caused mainly polar cap absorption (PCA). This
    significantly increased the attenuation of radio signals at high
    latitudes.

    "We could also guess whether the CMEs were just delayed since the
    eruptions of 9 and 10 February and would not arrive until 13
    February, or whether they would miss the Earth. NASA guessed that
    they would arrive. But the correct answer was they missed, which was
    confirmed by the more or less calm development on 14 February.

    "After the sunset of the two large active regions AR3575 and AR3576,
    solar activity will decrease. However, helioseismological
    observations indicate the presence of active regions on the far side
    of the Sun. After their ascent to the solar disk, solar activity
    will increase again since early March. Solar activity should be
    highest between March 3 and 10. Meanwhile, geomagnetic activity
    should continue to be low. Therefore, we expect an improvement in
    shortwave propagation conditions.

    "F.K. Janda, A.R.S. OK1HH, http://ok1hh.nagano.cz/ "

    This weekend is the CW portion of the ARRL International DX contest.
    Details can be found at:

    https://www.arrl.org/arrl-dx[2]

    Two articles about a CME and flares:

    https://bit.ly/3OHvtpZ[3]

    https://bit.ly/49zgoia[4]

    Three days of sunspots:

    https://bit.ly/3SJhbGi[5]

    Multiple pictures of Sunspot region 13585:

    https://bit.ly/3UFVhGQ[6]

    Bob, KB1DK, from Connecticut wrote:

    "During the last two weeks, activity on 10 meter SSB was bustling,
    and included many POTA, SOTA, and mobile stations in Europe. In
    fact, I heard Europeans on 12 meters saying they moved to that band
    because 10 became so busy. Propagation on 10 has been very good from
    southern New England, resulting in multiple QSOs with India and New
    Zealand. QSOs with the middle east are almost routine now.

    "My occasional fixed mobile operating has been extremely productive
    and satisfying. I strongly recommend taking advantage of these great
    conditions on 10 meters while we have them."

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[7] . When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[8] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[9] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[10] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[11] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[12] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[13]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[14] .

    Sunspot numbers for February 8 through 14 2024 were 149, 105, 146,
    144, 153, 122, and 123, with a mean of 134.6. 10.7 cm flux was 185,
    183.4, 193.8, 180.4, 208.3, 194.8, and 184.1, with a mean of 190.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 5, 6, 5, 15, 4, 10, and 7, with a
    mean of 7.4. Middle latitude A index was 5, 4, 4, 12, 4, 8, and 6,
    with a mean of 6.1.
     


    [1] https://services.swpc.noaa.gov/text/45-day-ap-forecast.txt
    [2] https://www.arrl.org/arrl-dx
    [3] https://bit.ly/3OHvtpZ
    [4] https://bit.ly/49zgoia
    [5] https://bit.ly/3SJhbGi
    [6] https://bit.ly/3UFVhGQ
    [7] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [8] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [9] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [10] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [11] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [12] http://k9la.us/
    [13] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [14] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Feb 23 15:47:57 2024
    02/23/2024

    "ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 0237 UTC/22 FEBRUARY 2024 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "A solar filament has erupted from the northwest solar quadrant and
    a component of the predominately westward associated CME is expected
    to arrive at the Earth during the second half of 24-Feb. G1 conditions, with the chance of G2 periods are possible during the second half of 24-Feb and first half of 25-Feb. Modeling shows the bulk of the CME missing the Earth.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL MASS EJECTION FROM 24-25 FEBRUARY 2024."

    Spaceweather.com[1] wrote on February 22:

    "TWO MAJOR SOLAR FLARES: Giant sunspot AR3590 just unleashed two
    major X-class solar flares. The double blast approximately coincided
    with a widely reported outage of cell phone service; however,
    experts agree that the flares were probably not responsible. More
    flares are in the offing. The sunspot has an unstable 'delta-class'
    magnetic field, and it is turning toward Earth."

    Sunspot numbers and solar flux values dropped over the past week,
    with average daily sunspot numbers down from 134.6 to 84.4 and
    average daily solar flux dropping from 190 to 164.

    Geomagnetic conditions were very quiet. Planetary A index declined
    from the low value of 7.4 to 4.4, and middle latitude A index from
    6.1 to 3.5.

    Only four new sunspot groups appeared, three on February 15 and one
    on February 18.

    Spaceweather.com says all their content is written by humans, with
    no Artificial Intelligence at all.

    I decided to ask an AI bot when Solar Cycle 25 will peak:

    From Gemini AI bot:

    "There are two main perspectives on when Solar Cycle 25 will reach
    its maximum:

    "Original prediction:

    "An expert panel convened by NOAA, NASA, and ISES in 2019 predicted
    a peak in July 2025 with a maximum sunspot number of 115.

    "This prediction assumed a similar strength to the weak Solar Cycle
    24.

    "Revised prediction:

    "In October 2023, NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC)
    released a revised prediction based on observed activity. This new
    prediction suggests a faster rise and higher peak, likely between
    January and October 2024, with a sunspot number between 137 and 173.

    "However, it's important to note that the timing could still fall
    within the broad error range of November 2024 to March 2026.

    "So, the answer depends on which prediction you consider:

    "Original prediction: July 2025

    "Revised prediction: Between January and October 2024 (more likely
    than July 2025).

    "It's important to stay updated on the latest information as
    scientists continue to monitor the Sun's activity. You can find more
    details and updates on the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
    website:

    "https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/solar-cycle-progression[2]

    "END AI BOT CONTENT."

    I have bookmarked that last link.

    ISES stands for the International Space Environment Service.

    Here is a revised outlook for the next month, from USAF via NOAA.

    Predicted solar flux is 175 on February 23, 180 on February 24-29,
    then 160 and 165 on March 1-2, 170 on March 3-9, 165 on March 10-16,
    then 162, 160, and 165 on March 17-19, 170 on March 20-21, 172 on
    March 22-23, 165 on March 24-26, and 155, 160, and 165 on March
    27-29, and 170 on March 30 into the first week in April.

    Predicted planetary A index is 6, 5, 20 and 10 on February 23-26,
    and 5 on February 27 through March 23, 8 and 7 on March 24-25, and 5
    on March 26 through the first week in April.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - February 23-29, 2024 from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:

    "During the last seven days, based on helioseismological
    observations we first expected the rise of a larger active region at
    the northeastern limb of the solar disk.

    "Meanwhile, gradually most of the sunspot groups on its western half
    have faded, whereby the solar flux has dropped to 152.

    "The larger active region came out, was designated AR3590, and is
    large enough to observe with the naked eye (in relation to the area
    over 700 millionths of the solar disk), for example, using a solar
    eclipse filter. However, its beta-gamma magnetic configuration was
    not conducive to larger flares. All the more surprising were two
    successive X-class flares: X1.8 on 21 February with a maximum at
    2307 UT and X.1.7 on 22 February with a maximum at 0632 UT. However,
    they were short-lived and not accompanied by CMEs. During the first
    of these, shortwave propagation subsided, particularly in the
    western USA and the Pacific (the Dellinger effect).

    "Expect an increase in solar X-ray and ultraviolet radiation in the
    coming days and mostly geomagnetically quiet conditions. As Spring
    approaches, shortwave propagation will be mostly above average or
    even better."

    K7BTW posted this to the Western Washington DX Club email list on
    February 20:

    "Fantastic band conditions.

    "If you're not taking advantage of these band conditions, you are
    missing a lot. On 20 meters FT8 in the last few minutes around 8pm
    (0400 UTC) I worked Middle East stations in Lebanon, Jordan, Saudi
    Arabia, and Qatar, plus several UN and many Russians. Over the pole
    conditions are incredible.

    "Take advantage of the sunspot cycle.  We know what it will be like
    in 5 years!"

    Jeff, N8II wrote on February 16:

    "If we are at the peak, I would think this is a poor cycle.

    "Not long ago the flux dropped below 130 briefly.

    "10 meter conditions are excellent now with much better conditions
    to East Asia in the evening than the first 3 weeks of January.

    "Today at 2400 UTC 10 meters was open well to Taiwan working BX5AA
    and also a BD4 around 0030 UTC. Japanese signals were excellent
    until just before 0100 UTC. I heard 8R7X in Guyana running many
    Japanese until 0100 UTC on 10 CW."

    Here in Seattle where I (K7RA) live we have always had a pipeline to
    Japan, which at times can seem overwhelming.

    Reader David Moore sent this article from the European Space Agency:

    https://tinyurl.com/bdz3uxnp[3]

    Articles about powerful Solar Flares:

    https://tinyurl.com/5ysj6xyt[4]

    https://tinyurl.com/vkyfpyr4[5]

    https://tinyurl.com/mrxa7uhb[6]

    GeoNews article about the Solar max:

    https://tinyurl.com/53zena9c[7]

    Big sunspot AR3590 visible to the eye:

    https://tinyurl.com/mrbw3fms[8]

    The latest report from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/T292oXH12Hk[9]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[10]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[11] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[12] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[13] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[14] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[15] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[16]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[17] .

    Sunspot numbers for February 15 through 21 2024 were 151, 97, 100,
    84, 64, 50, and 45, with a mean of 84.4. 10.7 cm flux was 178.3,
    168.8, 169.9, 156.5, 152.1, 152.6, and 169.9, with a mean of 164.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 4, 4, 4, 6, 3, 6, and 4, with a
    mean of 4.4. Middle latitude A index was 3, 3, 4, 4, 1, 5, and 3,
    with a mean of 3.3.
     


    [1] http://Spaceweather.com
    [2] https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/solar-cycle-progression
    [3] https://tinyurl.com/bdz3uxnp
    [4] https://tinyurl.com/5ysj6xyt
    [5] https://tinyurl.com/vkyfpyr4
    [6] https://tinyurl.com/mrxa7uhb
    [7] https://tinyurl.com/53zena9c
    [8] https://tinyurl.com/mrbw3fms
    [9] https://youtu.be/T292oXH12Hk
    [10] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [11] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [12] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [13] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [14] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [15] http://k9la.us/
    [16] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [17] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Mar 1 20:01:04 2024
    03/01/2024

    "ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 2208 UTC/29 FEBRUARY 2024 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "A filament eruption was observed at 28/0855UT from the solar
    southeast quadrant. The associated CME has been determined to
    contain an Earth-directed component, with an arrival to Earth's
    magnetosphere at 02/1100 UTC +/- 12 hours. G1 geomagnetic conditions
    are expected.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL MASS EJECTION FROM 02-03 MARCH 2024."

    Seven new sunspot groups emerged this week, four on February 23, one
    on February 25, another on February 26 and one more on February 28.

    Solar activity increased this reporting week, February 22-28,
    compared to the week before. Average daily sunspot number rose from
    84.4 to 108.4, and solar flux from 164 to 175.

    Geomagnetic conditions were quiet, though the numbers rose.
    Planetary A index went from 4.4 to 8.4, and middle latitude numbers
    from 3.3 to 7.4.

    The predicted solar flux is 160, 155, and 160 on March 1-3, 165 on
    March 4-5, 160 and 165 on March 6-7, 165 on March 8-9, 168 on March
    10, then 165 on March 11-12, 160 on March 13-14, then 168 and 172 on
    March 15-16, then 175, 175 and 178 on March 17-19, 180 on March
    20-24, and 175 on March 25-26, then 180 and 175 on March 27-28, 170
    on March 29-30, 172 on March 31 to April 1, 170 on April 2, and 165
    on April 3-5.
     
    The predicted planetary A index is 8, 12, 12 and 10 on March 1-4,
    then 5 on March 5-23, then 15, 12 and 12 on March 24-26, and 5 on
    March 27 to mid-April.

    Spaceweather.com[1] reported on giant sunspot AR3590:  "In only 23
    hours spanning February 21-22, the active region unleashed three
    powerful X-class solar flares (X1.8, X1.7 and X6.3). The X6.3 flare
    is the strongest of Solar Cycle 25, so far, and the most powerful
    flare since the great solar storms of September 2017."

    Because there were no CMEs, there were no geomagnetic storms, but
    extreme ultraviolet radiation ionized the top of Earth's atmosphere
    and caused several shortwave blackouts over Hawaii and Australia on
    February 21-22.

    Sunspot group AR3590 is the largest of the current solar cycle.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - February 29, 2024 from OK1HH:

    "Over the past seven days, we have seen the deflection of an active
    region of AR3590 on the Sun, 760 millionths of the size of the solar
    disk. On February 25, it already occupied an area of 1450
    millionths, making it the largest group of spots so far since the
    beginning of the 25th cycle. It produced its largest and extra
    proton flares on February 21-22, including three X-class flares in
    23 hours. The largest of these, X6.3 on 22 February, with a maximum
    at 2324 UT, was the most important flare since the beginning of
    Solar Cycle 25.

    "Proton flares were no exception and caused an absorption in the
    polar cap (PCA). The first of these was recorded on 9 February in
    the already setting region AR3575. At the same time, there was a
    region AR3576 in the southeast of the solar disk, which will rise
    again in the next few days, so we do not have to worry about a
    decrease in solar activity.

    "With the exception of the unsettled days of February 25-27, the
    geomagnetic field was mostly calm. We expect a similar pattern in
    the coming weeks. Ideally, the mostly calm development could last
    until the Spring Equinox. If this happens, shortwave propagation
    conditions will be mostly above average."

    This weekend is the ARRL International DX SSB contest. For details
    see:

    https://www.arrl.org/arrl-dx[2]

    Some articles about solar basics:

    https://www.ktvh.com/news/weather-wise/weather-wise-sunspots[3]

    https://bit.ly/49AmNKf[4]

    https://bit.ly/3V0biHJ[5]

    https://bit.ly/3wE1Orx[6]

    https://star-hunter.ru/en/sunspots-2024-02-28/[7]

    Popular Science article about a Solar Minima:

    https://www.popsci.com/science/sun-quiet/[8]

    I do not trust the data or the correlations in this article, but
    there is some interesting content here:

    https://bit.ly/48Ablxc[9]

    Latest video from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/V-PQSkYYEB4[10]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[11]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[12] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[13] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[14] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[15] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[16] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[17]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[18] .

    Sunspot numbers for February 22 through 28 2024 were 46, 116, 106,
    114, 133, 103, and 127, with a mean of 106.4. 10.7 cm flux was
    173.3, 172.9, 179.2, 180.8, 171.7, 168.3, and 179.1, with a mean of
    175. Estimated planetary A indices were 6, 3, 7, 13, 11, 13, and 6,
    with a mean of 8.4. Middle latitude A index was 6, 2, 6, 14, 10, 9,
    and 5, with a mean of 7.4.

     


    [1] http://Spaceweather.com
    [2] https://www.arrl.org/arrl-dx
    [3] https://www.ktvh.com/news/weather-wise/weather-wise-sunspots
    [4] https://bit.ly/49AmNKf
    [5] https://bit.ly/3V0biHJ
    [6] https://bit.ly/3wE1Orx
    [7] https://star-hunter.ru/en/sunspots-2024-02-28/
    [8] https://www.popsci.com/science/sun-quiet/
    [9] https://bit.ly/48Ablxc
    [10] https://youtu.be/V-PQSkYYEB4
    [11] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [12] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [13] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [14] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [15] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [16] http://k9la.us/
    [17] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [18] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Mar 8 17:13:39 2024
    03/08/2024

    Until March 6, new sunspot groups emerged daily over the past
    reporting week, February 29 through March 6.

    One new sunspot group appeared every day on February 29 through
    March 3, then two new groups on March 4 and another on March 5.

    It seems odd, but average daily sunspot number was about the same
    (changing from 106.4 to 106.7), but the average daily solar flux had
    a substantial drop, from 175 to 147.4.

    Average daily planetary A index was up from 8.4 to 10, while middle
    latitude numbers rose from 7.4 to 8.

    The March 3 planetary A index was 29. Spaceweather.com[1] reported a G2 geomagnetic storm at 0930 UTC. On March 7 they said NOAA expects a
    minor storm on March 9.

    The solar flux forecast sees a short term peak at 180 on March 21-23
    and another on April 17-19.

    Predicted solar flux is 140 on March 8-9, 145 on March 10-12, then
    140 and 135 on March 13-14, then 170 on March 15-16, then 165, 160,
    170 and 175 on March 17-20, 180 on March 21-23, 175 on March 24-25,
    170 on March 26-27, 160 on March 28-29, then 165 and 145 on March
    30-31, then 140 on April 1-2, 135 on April 3-8, and 140, 160, 170,
    170, 165 and 160 on April 9-14.

    Predicted planetary A index is 8 on March 8-10, 5 on March 11-23,
    then 15, 12, 12, 5, 10, and 8 on March 24-29, and 5 on March 30
    through April 5, then 12 and 10 on April 6-7, and 5 on April 8
    through the middle of the month and beyond.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - March 7, 2024 from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:
     
    "Active region AR3590 which swelled to the largest of the 25th solar
    cycle in February and where the largest flare was observed, was
    located on the northwestern limb of the disk in early March,
    whereupon it was observed by the Mars rover Perseverance from Jezero
    Crater (Jezero means Lake in Czech).

    "From the solar flare on February 28, the CME arrived at Earth on
    March 3 - one day later than predicted. It triggered a G3 class
    geomagnetic disturbance, which began by developing a positive storm
    phase with a significant increase in MUF. It continued over the next
    three days in a negative phase with a significant decrease in MUF
    and an increase in attenuation, especially in the polar regions.

    "Neither major flares nor major geomagnetic activity are expected in
    the next few days. Therefore, propagation will gradually improve to
    slightly above average. We expect a significant improvement around
    the equinox. This time, however, the improvement will be more
    pronounced as solar activity will gradually increase in the
    meantime."

    The Vernal Equinox occurs at 0306 UTC, March 20 and marks the
    beginning of Spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the Autumnal
    Equinox in the Southern Hemisphere.

    Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research is looking for
    volunteers:

    https://bit.ly/4a43yZk[2]

    From DailyMotion, an August 2022 solar video:

    https://bit.ly/3v0RARw[3]

    Space.com article about the April 8 solar eclipse:

    https://bit.ly/3PdXnKl[4]

    Eclipse missions:

    https://stardate.org/podcast/2024-03-07[5]

    An article about solar dynamo behavior during a Grand Solar Minima:

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55317-w[6]

    From LiveScience, is the peak of Solar Cycle 25 already here?

    https://bit.ly/3Taxe0p[7]

    A quiet Sun:

    https://bit.ly/3T98PIh[8]

    Thanks to W7WKR for this article about Maritime Radio Historical
    Society Station KPH:

    https://bit.ly/49Fpjiz[9]

    [Station K6KPH also transmits W1AW Qualifying Run transmissions: https://www.radiomarine.org/mrhs-stations/blog-post-title-four-r3jyw[10]
    -Ed.]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[11]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[12] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[13] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[14] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[15] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[16] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[17]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[18] .

    Sunspot numbers for February 29 through March 6 2024 were 107, 120,
    91, 90, 113, 121, and 105, with a mean of 106.7. 10.7 cm flux was
    164.1, 152.8, 152.3, 145.5, 139.9, 141.5, and 136, with a mean of
    147.4. Estimated planetary A indices were 4, 9, 5, 29, 10, 7, and 6,
    with a mean of 10. Middle latitude A index was 4, 9, 3, 20, 8, 7,
    and 5, with a mean of 8.
    NNNN
    /EX

     


    [1] http://Spaceweather.com
    [2] https://bit.ly/4a43yZk
    [3] https://bit.ly/3v0RARw
    [4] https://bit.ly/3PdXnKl
    [5] https://stardate.org/podcast/2024-03-07
    [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55317-w
    [7] https://bit.ly/3Taxe0p
    [8] https://bit.ly/3T98PIh
    [9] https://bit.ly/49Fpjiz
    [10] https://www.radiomarine.org/mrhs-stations/blog-post-title-four-r3jyw
    [11] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [12] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [13] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [14] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [15] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [16] http://k9la.us/
    [17] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [18] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Apr 5 16:12:06 2024
    03/15/2024

    Six new sunspot groups appeared over the past reporting week, March
    7-13, and one more on March 14.

    The first group emerged on March 7, two more appeared on March 12,
    and three more on March 13.

    Solar activity was down. Average daily sunspot number went from
    106.7 to 82.3, and solar flux from 147.4 to 130.4. Geomagnetic
    indicators were somewhat quieter, with average daily planetary A
    index dropping from 10 to 8.9, and middle latitude A index from 8 to
    7.

    The Vernal Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere is on Wednesday, March
    20 at 0306 UTC. This marks a transition to Spring HF conditions,
    always a positive effect.

    I am not certain where we are in Solar Cycle 25, perhaps near the
    peak, or the max could be next year.

    Solar activity seems to be in the doldrums recently, and of course
    we will only know when the peak has occurred six to twelve months
    after it happens. This is because the official smoothed sunspot
    number is a one year average. This erases lots of noise in the
    graphic representation due to daily variations in sunspot numbers.

    The outlook for the next few weeks shows continued low numbers, with
    predicted solar flux at 135 on March 15-17, then 140, 145, 150 and
    155 on March 18-21, 135 on March 22-23, then 132, 130, 132 and 138
    on March 24-27, 140 on March 28-29, then 142, 140, 135, 130 and 128
    on March 30 through April 3, and 125 on April 4-8, then 122, 118,
    122, 125, 122, 127 and 130 on April 9-15, then 135 on April 16-19.

    Predicted planetary A index is 12, 8 and 8 March 15-17, 5 on March
    18-27, then 10 and 8 on March 28-29, 5 on March 30 through April 2,
    and 12 on April 3-5, then 5, 10, 8 and 8 on April 6-9, then 5 on
    April 10-23.

    "Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - March 14, 2024:
     
    "In the last seven days, there were repeated situations where we
    expected a CME to hit the Earth's magnetic field (while a weak G1
    class geomagnetic storm was predicted by NOAA), but there have been
    at most only isolated upswings, with the planetary K index at 4. The
    active region AR3599 returned to the solar disk, but it was much
    smaller and less active than during the last solar rotation. It
    produced at least a strong M7.4 class solar flare on March 10 at
    1213 UTC.

    "Shortly after AR3599 sets behind the southwestern limb of the solar
    disk, the former AR3590 rises in the northeast. According to
    helioseismological observations, it remains the largest of all on
    the Sun's far side. Its activity will have a decisive influence on
    the evolution of shortwave propagation around the approaching
    equinox.

    "Thirty-five years ago, at the peak of Solar Cycle 22, a powerful
    CME hit our planet. It happened on March 13, 1989, and within 90
    seconds, the entire Hydro-Quebec power grid was knocked out. The
    outage lasted nine hours, millions of Quebecois were without light
    and heat, and nine months later, the affected area experienced a
    significant increase in birth rates. The treachery consists in
    inducing direct currents into the lines, to which the transformers
    in the alternating current grid offer little resistance.

    "On March 13, 1989, the biggest storm of the space age occurred. But
    the bigger one was the 'Carrington Event' of September 1859. It
    produced a storm twice as powerful as the one mentioned in March
    1989. It later turned out that the cause was not one, but two CMEs,
    and came from the X4.5 eruptions of March 10 and M7.3 of March 12.

    "F. K. Janda, A.R.S. OK1HH."

    NASA-funded team of scientists discovered long-lasting radio
    signals:

    https://bit.ly/48VrH3F[1]

    Sunspot cluster responsible for monster flare spotted on far side of
    the Sun:

    https://bit.ly/3IDA5Kc[2]

    Recent videos from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/2nWLAYL01FA[3]

    https://youtu.be/v4wf-EjTN4k[4]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[5]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[6] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[7] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[8] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[9] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[10] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[11]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[12] .

    Sunspot numbers for March 7 through 13 2024 were 99, 91, 99, 77, 56,
    68, and 86, with a mean of 82.3. 10.7 cm flux was 136.6, 129, 134.5,
    127, 126.7, 130.5, and 128.3, with a mean of 130.4. Estimated
    planetary A indices were 12, 11, 13, 7, 4, 6, and 9, with a mean of
    8.9. Middle latitude A index was 8, 9, 11, 6, 4, 4, and 7, with a
    mean of 7.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/48VrH3F
    [2] https://bit.ly/3IDA5Kc
    [3] https://youtu.be/2nWLAYL01FA
    [4] https://youtu.be/v4wf-EjTN4k
    [5] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [6] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [7] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [8] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [9] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [10] http://k9la.us/
    [11] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [12] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Apr 5 16:12:13 2024
    03/22/2024

    Over March 14-20, new sunspot groups emerged every day except March
    19. March 18 had two, and each of the other days saw one new sunspot
    group.

    It is now Spring in the Northern Hemisphere which is favorable to HF conditions, and solar and geomagnetic numbers both show improvement.

    Average daily sunspot numbers rose from 82.3 to 94.3, and average
    daily solar flux jumped from 130.4 to 153.3.

    Geomagnetic indicators were very quiet, with the average daily
    planetary A index dropping from 8.9 to 5.9, and middle latitude
    numbers from 7 to 5.

    Here is the outlook for the next month.

    Predicted solar flux is 180 and 178 on March 22-23, 174 on March
    24-25, then 176 on March 26-27, 178 on March 28, 165 on March 29-30,
    160 on March 31, 155 on April 1-3, then 158 on April 4, 160 on April
    5-6, then 162, 155, 150, and 145 on April 7-10, 148 on April 11-12,
    then 152, 155, 160, 162, 165 and 160 on April 13-18, then 155 on
    April 19-20, 152 on April 21, 160 on April 22-23, then 162, 165, 165
    and 160 on April 24-27, and 155 on April 28-30.

    Predicted planetary A index is 12, 5, 16, 18 and 8 on March 22-26,
    then 5, 5 and 8 on March 27-29, 5 on March 30 through April 2, then
    15, 12 and 12 on April 3-5, 5 on April 6-8, 8 on April 9-11, then 5
    on April 12-23, 10 on April 24-25, and 5 on April 26-29.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - March 21, 2024, from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:

    "Solar activity on average continues to increase toward the Solar
    Cycle 25 maximum. This included a shower of protons that came from
    the admittedly smaller in X-ray intensity but primarily long-lived
    flare on the morning hours UTC of March 15. The particle density
    peaked a day later when the proton event reached S1. High polar cap
    absorption of radio waves was recorded at the same time.

    "The geomagnetic field remains mostly calm, with the occurrence of
    short active intervals. An increase in geomagnetic activity was
    expected after the eruption of 17 March. A partial CME halo was
    observed and ejected particles were expected in the vicinity of the
    Earth first on 20 March, then on the evening of 20 March, and then
    on the morning of 21 March. The result was an increase in MUF
    already in the forenoon UTC.  An increase in the Earth's magnetic
    field activity occurred in the afternoon.

    "The new sunspot group AR3615, which emerged in the southeast of the
    solar disk, although not yet large, has a complex magnetic
    structure. This configuration increases the probability of magnetic reconnection during a solar flare. Especially if an X-class solar
    flare occurs, the probability of CME will increase."

    Angel Santana, WP3GW wrote about conditions on March 16 in an email:

    "With much expectation worked the Russian DX contest on SSB, but
    then noticed rough conditions, so bad that after 1600 UTC signals
    were gone, not seen on my radio. After 1730 UTC saw them come back
    but conditions were still bad.

    "Next day did the BARTG RTTY contest after 1430 UTC and fared
    better.

    "Did it have to do with one of the six sunspots last week? Hope prop
    is good in a week from now."

    I replied that according to Spaceweather.com[1], departing sunspot
    AR3599 blasted protons toward Earth on March 14, causing a polar cap
    absorption event on March 16. The ionizing effect of the protons
    absorbed radio signals inside the arctic circle.

    Nasa Space Flight article about VLA detection of radiation above
    sunspots:

    https://bit.ly/4cDDref[2]

    Article about Radio Blackout:

    https://bit.ly/3ILT6KH[3]

    From Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    "Dear Tad,

    "Recently our Sun gave us a surprise when a solar storm we thought
    would be a glancing blow, actually hit us pretty hard. That was back
    on March 3rd and some gorgeous aurora shows were seen in Tasmania
    and Australia (see my forecast from that week for some amazing
    pictures: https://youtu.be/2nWLAYL01FA[4]).

    "Here we are several weeks later with yet another glancing blow set
    to hit us midday March 20th. The official forecast is calling for a
    weak impact, but our recent experience has left me wondering: Are we
    are going to make the same mistake twice?

    "These are the kinds of dilemmas that make space weather such a
    tough field today. Compared to terrestrial weather, there are so
    many things we simply cannot foresee.

    "Turning to the forecast, big flare activity is beginning again
    thanks to old Region 3590 rotating back into view along with some
    new players as well. Amateur radio bands are getting noisier and
    radio blackouts are resuming on the daylight side of Earth. Of
    course, the big story is the solar storm coming towards us. Will it
    be relatively mild at mid-latitudes, as the predictions suggest?
    This time, I'm not so sure. Either way, I will remain on the
    lookout.

    "Cheers, Tamitha."

    Here is her latest video report:

    https://youtu.be/O6vZDFaBfrc[5]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[6]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[7] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[8] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[9] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[10] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[11] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[12]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[13] .

    Sunspot numbers for March 14 through 20 2024 were 88, 49, 67, 86,
    127, 123, and 120, with a mean of 94.3. 10.7 cm flux was 127.1, 129,
    144.1, 151.3, 177.4, 168.9, and 175.5, with a mean of 153.3.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 8, 8, 3, 3, 6, 9, and 4, with a
    mean of 5.9. Middle latitude A index was 7, 8, 3, 2, 5, 7, and 3,
    with a mean of 5.

     


    [1]
    [2] https://bit.ly/4cDDref
    [3] https://bit.ly/3ILT6KH
    [4] https://youtu.be/2nWLAYL01FA
    [5] https://youtu.be/O6vZDFaBfrc
    [6] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [7] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [8] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [9] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [10] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [11] http://k9la.us/
    [12] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [13] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Apr 5 16:12:24 2024
    03/29/2024

     A dramatic increase in solar activity emerged over the past week, and geomagnetic activity reacted as well.

    Two new sunspot groups appeared on March 21, then one new group emerged each day over March 22-25.

    Average daily solar flux rose from 153.3 to 191.9, and average daily sunspot numbers increased from 94.3 to 147.

    The highest sunspot number over last week was 171 on March 22, which was the highest sunspot number since November 22-25, 2023 when the numbers were 174, 176, 184, and 179.

    Average daily planetary A index jumped from 5.9 to 25.4, and middle latitude numbers from 5 to 19.

    On March 24 the college A index in Fairbanks, Alaska reached 100! The planetary A index was 64.  Looking ahead, solar flux is predicted to reach a peak of 210 on April 23-24.

    The projected solar flux is 175, 170 and 155 on March 29-31, 150 on April 1-2, 155 on April 3-4, 185 on April 5, then 180 and 185 on April 4-5, 190 on April 6-7, then 185, 180, 175 and 180 on April 8-11, 185 on April 12-13, then 190, 185, 190, 185 and 180 on April 14-18, then 175 on April 19-20, then 200 and 205 on April 21-22, 210 on April 23-24, then 205, 190 and 180 on April 25-27, 175 on April 28-29, then 170, 180 and 185 on April 30 through May 2, and 190 on May 3-4.

    The planetary A index forecast shows 8 and 6 on March 29-30, 10 on March 31 through April 1, then 8, 5, 5 and 12 on April 2-5, 5 on April 6-8, 8 on April 9-11, 5 on April 12-18, then 8, 10, 10 and 8 on April 19-22, 5 on April 23-29, then 15, 12, and 12 on April 30 through May 2, and 5 on May 3-5.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's Ionosphere for March 28, 2024 from F. K. Janda, OK1HH:  

     The period without stronger disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field was incredibly long: 19 December 2023 to 20 April 2024, or three whole months.  But it had to end at some point.  Especially since we're near the peak of the 11-year solar cycle.

     Around March 20, we were expecting the rise of a larger sunspot group in the northeastern solar disk, AR3614.  The bigger surprise, however, was the simultaneous emergence of another group, designated AR3615, which surprised us both by its size and dispersion and by the number of moderate flares produced, which totaled eleven on March 23.

     Although AR3614 was the source of a much smaller number of flares, it made up for everything with a large proton flare, accompanied by a CME, on 23 March with a maximum at 0133 UT.  The Earth was bombarded by energetic protons on the following days, while simultaneously being hit by particle clouds from flares in both active regions.  Which couldn't have resulted in anything other than the development of a magnetic storm.  Its intensity was greatest on April 24.

     The disturbance began on April 23, however, with an increase in MUF, or so-called positive phase.  A significant decrease in MUF and an increase in the attenuation of radio waves in the ionosphere occurred since 24 March.  The significant deterioration of shortwave propagation conditions lasted until 26 March.

     A return to slightly above-average propagation is expected after March 28.

    In a March 28 email titled "Big CME impact ignites 6 meters", Jon Jones, N0JK in Kansas wrote:

    "The CME that struck March 24 ignited 6 meters for the Midwest USA through Wednesday March 26.

    "On March 24 I logged 9Y4D on 6 Meter FT8 and had good copy on VP8WA up to +4 dB.  Had a psk flag from CE8EIO at -5 dB.  The planetary K index went to 8.

    "March 25 copied HD8MD from my fixed mobile (1/4 wave whip) around 1930 UTC up to -7 dB on FT8.

    "March 26 worked HC5VF, copied HD8MD, LU1WFU, HC2AP/P, HC1BI, LU8DRH, CX4DSAE and many others on FT8.  Big pileups on the DX stations.

    Jon N0JK EM28 KS"

    Shortwave blackout:  https://bit.ly/3IYnul6[1]

    Check out the KN8DMK page on QRZ.COM.  Using a VLF receiver on 40.75 KHz, he monitored US Navy transmitter NAU in Puerto Rico during a solar flare.

    Tamitha Skov video:  https://youtu.be/SSPbzvxbX2M[2]

    This weekend is the CQ World Wide WPX SSB Contest.  See https://cqwpx.com/[3] for info.  The CW weekend is May 25-26.

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[4] .  When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[5] and the ARRL Technical Information Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[6] . For an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see  

    http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[7]  .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at

    http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[8] .

    More good information and tutorials on propagation are at

    http://k9la.us/[9]

    Also, check this: https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[10]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[11] .

    Sunspot numbers for March 21 through 27 2024 were 141, 171, 146, 145, 163, 149, and 114, with a mean of 147.  10.7 cm flux was 196.9, 197.6, 210.7, 195.1, 190.1, 178.2, and 174.6, with a mean of 191.9. Estimated planetary A indices were 27, 11, 36, 64, 22, 11, and 7, with a mean of 25.4.  Middle latitude A index was 20, 10, 25, 43, 17, 11, and 7, with a mean of 19.


    [1] https://bit.ly/3IYnul6
    [2] https://youtu.be/SSPbzvxbX2M
    [3] https://cqwpx.com/
    [4] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [5] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [6] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [7] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [8] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [9] http://k9la.us/
    [10] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [11] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Apr 5 16:12:26 2024
    04/05/2024

    With the big increase in sunspot numbers and solar flux reported in
    last week's Propagation Forecast Bulletin ARLP013, I hoped the trend
    would continue, but numbers this week were lower.

    Five new sunspot groups emerged, one each day from March 30 through
    April 3.

    Average daily sunspot numbers went from 147 to 60, and average daily
    solar flux declined from 191.9 to 136.9.

    Geomagnetic numbers were much quieter. Average daily planetary A
    index softened to 7.6 from 25.4.

    Predicted solar flux is 115 on April 5-8, 120 on April 9-10, 125 on
    April 11, 140 on April 12-13, 150 on April 14-16, 160 on April
    17-18, 170 on April 19-24, then 160, 150 and 140 on April 25-27,
    then 130 on April 28 through May 4 then 160, 150, and 140 on May
    5-10, then 150 on May 11-13.

    The predicted flux values this week are much lower than in last
    week's forecast for the same period.

    Predicted planetary A index is 16 and 10 on April 5-6, 5 on April
    7-8, 8 on April 9-10, 5 on April 11-18, 8 and 10 on April 19-20, 8
    on April 21-23, 5 on April 24-26, 10 on April 27-28, 8 on April 29,
    and 12 on April 30 through May 2, then 8, 5 and 5 on May 3-5, 8 on
    May 6-8, and 5 on May 9-15.

    The Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - April 4, 2024 from OK1HH:

    "The two large and very active sunspot groups, AR3614 and AR3615,
    bade us farewell last week by going beyond the western limb of the
    solar disk. AR3615 still unleashed two powerful M-class flares and
    an X1 flare that ionized the upper part of the Earth's atmosphere
    and caused the Dellinger effect (shortwave fade) over the Pacific
    Ocean on March 28 (with a maximum at 2053 UTC).

    "AR3615 still managed to produce an M9.4-class solar flare on March
    30, which was only one percent weaker than an X-class flare. After
    that, we expected particles originating from solar radiation to
    arrive in the vicinity of Earth, but this did not happen. The
    development in the following days was therefore relatively quiet.

    "Due to the calming of the geomagnetic field, we expected an
    improvement in shortwave propagation. This occurred from 2 April
    onwards but was only very slight due to the rapid decrease in solar
    activity. After the return of active regions to the solar disk, we
    expect an improvement in propagation, especially in the third decade
    of April."

    (I think he refers to a decade as a ten day period, so this would be
    the last ten days of April).

    Angel Santana, WP3GW, sent an email about last week's contest:

    "WPX for me was pretty good even though I did not reach my goal.
    There were openings toward Europe during Saturday midnight on 20
    meters.

    "Now on Sunday at midday, I noticed a reduction of stations on 10
    meters, just like 2 weeks ago, but there were many strong stations
    from South America and an hour later back to normal. My friend Jose,
    KP4JRS (who operated as NP3YL) noticed this over the two days on 10
    meters.

    "Also noticed when a big contest is on the air, the bands tend to be
    almost 'noiseless.'

    "Not sure if because the SFI has gone down but today Thursday at
    1500 UTC there is much noise on the bands. Hope the weekend fares
    better."

    WX2R reminds us that coming up on Monday, April 8 is the HamSCI
    Solar Eclipse QSO Party:

    "Join with thousands of your fellow amateurs as part of the largest crowd-sourced event for ham radio scientific exploration ever! The
    SEQP is part of 'The Festivals of Eclipse Ionospheric Science' and
    is for learning more about how the ionosphere works. Use any mode,
    any band for all or part of the day!

    "Participation can be from everywhere - you need not be near the
    path of the eclipse to contribute valuable data by participating.

    "Are you a contester? For details on the SEQP contest and rules go
    to www.hamsci.org/contest-info[1]. Don't forget to send in your log.

    "For the Gladstone Signal Spotting Challenge using CW, WSPR and
    FST4W modes, go to www.hamsci.org/contest-info[2].

    "If you're an SWL or AM DX'er, there is the 'Medium Wave Recording
    Event' for you as well. Go to www.hamsci.org/mw-recordings/[3].

    "Or just get on the air and help provide the data to better
    understand the ionosphere.  Monday, 8 April 2024. Get on the air!
    1400-2400 UTC.

    "Do it for science! Any band/any mode except 60, 30, 17, and 12
    meters."

    From Forbes Magazine, an eclipse guide:

    https://bit.ly/3J4zzoX[4]

    A DailyMotion video of a long duration flare, but no date given:

    https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8w8viq[5]

    Chip, N2YO, sent this email last week.

    "Thanks for your excellent ARRL propagation bulletins!

    "I also am running a weekly propagation bulletin for more than 20
    years (in Romanian language). The bulletin is available on the web,
    distributed online by email, and read during the 'Info DX' QTC on
    80m each Thursday in Romania.

    "All bulletins are available here:

    https://www.radioamator.ro/misc/buletinepropagare.php[6]

    "On the first of each month I update a page of propagation charts in
    certain directions, centered on YO:

    https://www.radioamator.ro/misc/grafice_propagare.php[7]

    "I also run a YO DX Cluster which is powered by a DX Spider server
    hosted by a Raspberry Pi in my basement that feeds a web page:

    "https://www.radioamator.ro/yocluster/[8]

    "In fact, I run the whole radioamator.ro website, which is the most
    popular YO ham radio resource on internet. This year the website
    will have the 20th anniversary."

    Recent video from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/yKNB1YRX7kg[9]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[10]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell
    us which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[11] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[12] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[13] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[14] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[15] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[16]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[17] .

    Sunspot numbers for March 28 through April 3 2024 were 101, 79, 60,
    50, 50, 35, and 45, with a mean of 60. 10.7 cm flux was 172.7,
    167.3, 139.6, 133.6, 120.4, 112.8, and 111.7, with a mean of 136.9.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 7, 6, 5, 9, 11, 8, and 7, with a
    mean of 7.6. Middle latitude A index was 6, 4, 4, 8, 9, 7, and 10,
    with a mean of 6.9.

     


    [1] http://www.hamsci.org/contest-info
    [2] http://www.hamsci.org/contest-info
    [3] http://www.hamsci.org/mw-recordings/
    [4] https://bit.ly/3J4zzoX
    [5] https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8w8viq
    [6] https://www.radioamator.ro/misc/buletinepropagare.php
    [7] https://www.radioamator.ro/misc/grafice_propagare.php
    [8] https://www.radioamator.ro/yocluster/
    [9] https://youtu.be/yKNB1YRX7kg
    [10] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [11] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [12] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [13] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [14] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [15] http://k9la.us/
    [16] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [17] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Apr 12 17:26:52 2024
    04/12/2024

    I did not see last Monday's eclipse, except on television. Here in
    the Pacific Northwest, we only got a 20% exposure, and skies were
    overcast.

    As they moved across the country displaying successive totality, I
    noticed the prominences on the edge of the disk. There were always
    between one and three little red spots at the edge.

    Solar activity over the past reporting week, April 4-10, remains
    weak.

    Average daily sunspot number rose from 60 to 67.9, but average solar
    flux declined from 136.9 to 123.2.

    Seven new sunspot groups emerged this week, one on April 4, three on
    April 5, another on April 6, one more on April 8, and another on
    April 10.

    Here is the outlook for the next few weeks, which does not seem
    promising. Solar flux peaks at 160 over April 17-18.

    Predicted solar flux is 148, 150 and 155 on April 12-14, 158 on
    April 15-16, 160 on April 17-18, 140 on April 19-20, 135 on April
    21-22, 140 and 145 on April 23-24, 140 on April 25-26, then 135, 125
    and 120 on April 27-29, and 125 on April 30 through May 10, then 130
    on May 11-12, 135 on May 13-14, and 130 on May 15-18.

    Predicted planetary A index is quiet over the next month, starting
    with 5, 8, 15, 10 and 8 on April 12-16, 5 on April 17-18, 8 and 10
    on April 19-20, 8 on April 21-23, 5 on April 24-27, then 8, 8 and 7
    on April 28-30, 10 on May 1-3, 5 on May 4-5, 8 on May 6-8, and 5 on
    May 9-15, then 8 and 10 on May 16-17, and 8 on May 18-20.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - April 11, 2024, from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:

    "At the end of March, it was still possible to see large sunspot
    groups, during the last solar rotation marked as AR3614 and
    especially the giant AR3615. We will see them again on the eastern
    limb of the solar disk this weekend. This will end a roughly
    two-week period of relatively quiet solar activity without major
    solar flares.

    "The Sun's total X-ray output, which has dropped by almost an order
    of magnitude, will increase significantly, which will have a
    beneficial effect on shortwave propagation.

    "Daily MUF values will gradually increase, while active regions will
    be on the eastern half of the solar disk. For that reason, here will
    be little probability of major geomagnetic disturbances. Of course,
    now that the peak of the 11-year cycle is approaching, events such
    as the eruption of solar plasma filaments that could affect the
    Earth cannot be ruled out."

    Dennis Wage, N9OQ of Plover, Wisconsin did a casual experiment
    during the recent eclipse:

    "We did an experiment on 160m.

    "During the eclipse we found that the band opened slightly and we had
    very good copy on CW between some stations.  The band then closed as
    the eclipse ended."

    Douglas Barbier, N8ZVT, wrote in an email:

    "Why is the solar flux so low, given the number of sunspots?  What
    else may be affecting the solar flux?

    "This is my first solar maximum as a ham - and at my age, might be
    the last. I had always heard stories of how 10m would be open 24
    hours a day for voice and working all over the world with low power
    SSB.  Sure haven't seen that yet at all."

    I replied:

    "That was nearly 70 years ago at the peak of Solar Cycle 19 when 10
    meters was open 24/7.

    "There has never been a similar solar cycle since the dawn of radio.
    It was all AM back then, no SSB.

    "Solar flux readings come from an observatory in Penticton, BC:

    "https://www.spaceweather.gc.ca/forecast-prevision/solar-solaire/solarflux/sx-5 -flux-en.php[1]

    "I have not noticed that solar flux was low.

    "Because Earth is in an elliptical orbit around the Sun, a variation
    in distance affects solar flux.

    "That is why you will see adjusted values in the flux readings from
    Penticton.

    "You can get a graphic view of sunspot numbers and solar flux from
    the WA4TTK solar data plotting utility at:

    "http://www.craigcentral.com/sol.asp[2]

    "You can update the data automatically using data from this weekly
    bulletin."

    Solar cycles explained:

    https://www.snexplores.org/article/explainer-solar-cycle[3]

    A solar cycle clock:

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-58960-5[4]

    Flares during eclipse:

    https://bit.ly/3VRBxk0[5]

    Prominences, not flares:

    https://bit.ly/49waWMC[6]

    Solar Cycles:

    https://bit.ly/3PY4F5p[7]

    Internet apocalypse due to solar storms:

    https://bit.ly/3vBW69C[8]

    Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW, reports during the eclipse:

    https://youtu.be/Z16_Uk1vym8[9]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[10]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[11] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[12] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[13] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[14] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[15] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[16]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[17] .

    Sunspot numbers for April 4 through 10 2024 were 47, 81, 71, 79, 79,
    64, and 54, with a mean of 67.9. 10.7 cm flux was 113.7, 120.5,
    122.9, 124.6, 124.8, 124.4, and 131.2, with a mean of 123.2.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 12, 12, 10, 6, 8, 11, and 8, with
    a mean of 9.6. Middle latitude A index was 33, 10, 8, 5, 8, 10, and
    7, with a mean of 11.6.

     


    [1] https://www.spaceweather.gc.ca/forecast-prevision/solar-solaire/solarflux/sx-5-flux-en.php
    [2] http://www.craigcentral.com/sol.asp
    [3] https://www.snexplores.org/article/explainer-solar-cycle
    [4] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-58960-5
    [5] https://bit.ly/3VRBxk0
    [6] https://bit.ly/49waWMC
    [7] https://bit.ly/3PY4F5p
    [8] https://bit.ly/3vBW69C
    [9] https://youtu.be/Z16_Uk1vym8
    [10] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [11] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [12] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [13] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [14] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [15] http://k9la.us/
    [16] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [17] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Apr 19 13:46:41 2024
    04/19/2024

    Solar activity increased dramatically this reporting week (April
    11-17), and thirteen new sunspot groups emerged. One appeared on
    April 11, two more on April 13, three more on April 14, another two
    on April 15, one more on April 16 and another two on April 17. On
    April 18 an additional two sunspot groups emerged, and the daily
    sunspot number increased to 247.

    The daily sunspot number was 199 on April 17, the highest value
    since July 12, 2023 when it was 219. On April 18, when the sunspot
    number was 247, it was the highest sunspot number since July 6, 2014
    when it was 256. That was back in Solar Cycle 24, so 247 is a new
    record for Solar Cycle 25.

    Average daily sunspot numbers jumped from 67.9 to 142.7, and average
    daily solar flux from 123.2 to 177.4.

    Predicted solar flux over the near term is 225 on April 19, 220 on
    April 20-21, 215 and 205 on April 22-23, 190 on April 24-25, then
    140, 130, 125 and 120 on April 26-29, then 125 on April 30 to May 6,
    and 130, 140, 150, 160 and 175 on May 7-11, then 180 on May 12-14,
    175 on May 15, 170 on May 16-17, then 167 and 165 on May 18-19, 160
    on May 20-21, then 155, 140, 135, 125 and 120 on May 22-26.

    Predicted planetary A index is 6, 10, 12 and 8 on April 19-22, 5 on
    April 23-27, 8 on April 28-29, 7 on April 30, 10 on May 1-3, 5 on
    May 4, 8 on May 5-7, 5 on May 8-11, 10 and 8 on May 12-13, then 5 on
    May 14-24, and 8 on May 25-26.

    "Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - April 18, 2024:

    "Over the past weekend, active sunspot regions began to emerge on
    the eastern limb as expected. Curiosity about what we would actually
    see was heightened because their flare activity during the last
    rotation was somewhat higher than usual. Therefore, the CME from a
    moderate eruption in the northern hemisphere of the Sun on April 11
    with a maximum at 1706 UTC was not a surprise. The arrival of the
    particle cloud on April 14 was therefore expected, but it missed the
    Earth.

    "Another CME was ejected towards Earth on 12 April. Although neither
    CME was particularly strong, a G1 class geomagnetic storm was
    expected. This occurred on 16 April, so either the particle cloud
    moved more slowly or traveled along a longer path toward the Earth.
    Either way, the disturbance worsened shortwave propagation on April
    16. But the improvement was rapid, starting as early as April 17.
    The credit for this goes to the increasing solar radiation coming
    from the active regions we can observe on the Sun this week and
    next.

    "Another weak CME left the Sun on April 15, and the Earth's impact
    was calculated for April 18. However, all predictions of
    disturbances at the current stage of the 11-year cycle are
    unreliable. They are usually either late (by a day or so) or not at
    all. The important thing is the result - due to the relatively high
    solar activity and at the same time the small number of geomagnetic disturbances, the shortwave propagation conditions are mostly above
    average.  F.K. Janda, OK1HH."

    Check out these videos and an article on flare activity from
    EarthSky:

    https://bit.ly/3W4GTID[1]

    On April 16, Samuel, K5KJ called ARRL headquarters about unusual
    propagation he experienced.

    He said flare activity caused a radio blackout, and on 40 meters he
    could not hear any local or regional signals.

    But he noticed foreign broadcast stations from Asia with good
    signals.

    He said this is just the opposite of what he expected during a
    blackout.

    Durango Herald article about sunspots and prominences:

    https://bit.ly/3Q3VDnh[2]

    NASA on Space Weather:

    https://go.nasa.gov/49YFhDX[3]

    From Science.Nasa.gov, Solar Moss:

    https://go.nasa.gov/4b3n4Wn[4]

    See sunspots with eclipse glasses:

    https://bit.ly/4cXc5Qp[5]

    I tried this, but had no luck, as the images were too tiny.

    The latest video from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW, for April 14:

    https://youtu.be/Z1OClNvDg2o[6]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[7]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[8] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[9] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[10] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[11] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/ [12].

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[13]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[14] .

    Sunspot numbers for April 11 through 17 2024 were 81, 83, 115, 152,
    193, 176, and 199, with a mean of 142.7. 10.7 cm flux was 143.7,
    151.5, 161, 178.4, 191.9, 198.7, and 216.5, with a mean of 177.4.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 6, 7, 5, 6, 8, 31, and 7, with a
    mean of 10. Middle latitude A index was 6, 6, 6, 5, 7, 17, and 8,
    with a mean of 7.9.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/3W4GTID
    [2] https://bit.ly/3Q3VDnh
    [3] https://go.nasa.gov/49YFhDX
    [4] https://go.nasa.gov/4b3n4Wn
    [5] https://bit.ly/4cXc5Qp
    [6] https://youtu.be/Z1OClNvDg2o
    [7] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [8] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [9] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [10] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [11] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [12] http://k9la.us/
    [13] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [14] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Apr 26 15:12:42 2024
    04/26/2024

    "ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 0733 UTC/26 APRIL2024 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "A coronal hole wind stream has moderately enhanced the solar wind
    speed and been associated with several hours' worth of southward IMF
    parameter Bz. For this reason, it is possible that periods of G1-G2
    geomagnetic storm conditions may be observed.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL HOLE HIGH SPEED WIND STREAM FROM 26-27 APRIL 2024:

    "GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY FORECAST
    26 Apr:  G0, slight chance G1-G2
    27 Apr:  G0, slight chance G1
     
    "Australian Space Weather Forecasting Centre."

    After a big jump in solar activity, conditions continued to improve
    in the past week.

    Twelve new sunspot groups emerged, two on April 18, three more on
    April 19, five more on April 21, another on April 22 and one more on
    April 24.

    Average daily sunspot number jumped from 142.7 to 265.9, and average
    daily solar flux from 177.4 to 216.

    The Sun set another sunspot number record this week when the numbers
    were 283, 283, 282 and 283 on April 21-24. The last time we saw a
    higher daily sunspot number was 296 on April 17, 2014, 3,661 days
    ago.

    April 2014 was the peak of Solar Cycle 24.

    Predicted solar flux over the next month shows values peaking at 215
    from May 15-16 and again on May 19-20.

    We see solar flux at 155, 145 and 135 on April 26-28, 130 on April
    29 through May 2, 160 on May 3-6, then 165, 170, 180, 185, 190, 195,
    200, and 210 on May 7-14, then 215 on May 15-16, 212 on May 17-18,
    215 on May 19-20, then 200 and 190 on May 21-22, 170 on May 23-24,
    165, 160 and 155 on May 25-27, then 160 on May 28 through June 2.

    Predicted planetary A index is 15 on April 26-27, then 12, 10, 8 and
    5 on April 28 through May 1, 10 on May 2-3, 5 on May 4, 8 on May
    5-7, 5 on May 8-18, then 10, 15, 10 and 12 on May 19-22, 15 on May
    23-24, 12, 8 and 7 on May 25-27, and 10 on May 28-30, 5 on May 31,
    and 8 on June 1-3.

    There is no report from OK1HH this week due to problems with the
    Czech Republic electric power grid.

    Steve, NN4X wrote on April 26:

    "The SFI and SSN have been very high lately, as you are more than
    well aware.  Sadly, no F2 has been noted on 6m, but on the evening
    of Wednesday, 4/24/2024 at around 10:00 pm ET.
     
    "10m: Noted BY still being received here in EL98 FT8. Also, received
    multiple decodes from CS7AUT in IM67!

    "Not bad for 10:00pm!"

    In another message, on the evening of April 25 he sent a long list
    of 10 and 12 meter FT8 decodes at 11:42 PM EDT.

    Signals from all over North America, plus Brazil, New Zealand,
    Australia, Russia and China.

    New report from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/MIB_OnxhpLk[1]

    From Weather.com, a cluster of sunspots:

    https://bit.ly/3UAF9Wo[2]

    An article from The Sun about four flares:

    https://bit.ly/3WftxJG[3]

    A Super Explosion about four flares:

    https://bit.ly/3waYEeY[4]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[5]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[6] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[7] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[8] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[9] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[10] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[11]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[12] .

    Sunspot numbers for April 18 through 24 2024 were 247, 243, 240,
    283, 283, 282, and 283 with a mean of 265.9. 10.7 cm flux was 226.9,
    213.4, 209.5, 217.1, 226.8, 219.1, and 199.1, with a mean of 216.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 4, 41, 12, 19, 9, 8, and 4, with
    a mean of 13.9. Middle latitude A index was 5, 21, 10, 14, 10, 9,
    and 4, with a mean of 10.4.
    NNNN
    /EX

     


    [1] https://youtu.be/MIB_OnxhpLk
    [2] https://bit.ly/3UAF9Wo
    [3] https://bit.ly/3WftxJG
    [4] https://bit.ly/3waYEeY
    [5] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [6] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [7] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [8] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [9] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [10] http://k9la.us/
    [11] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [12] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri May 3 16:26:03 2024
    05/03/2024

    "ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED 1817 UTC/02 MAY 2024 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "A period of planetary G3 geomagnetic conditions has been observed
    on 02-May, associated with two recent CME arrivals and a sustained
    period of southward IMF conditions. Further periods of G3 are
    possible over 02-03 May.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL MASS EJECTION FROM 02-03 MAY 2024.

    "GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY FORECAST:
    02 May: G2-G3
    03 May: G2, chance G3, declining to G1"

    After the record sunspot numbers reported in last week's Propagation
    Forecast Bulletin ARLP017, the April 25 through May 1 reporting week
    has more modest numbers. In fact, the average daily sunspot number
    (124.6) is less than half the value (265.9) in the previous
    bulletin.

    Seven new sunspot groups appeared this week.

    One new sunspot group emerged on April 25, another on April 27, two
    more on April 29 and one each on April 30 and May 1.

    Average daily solar flux shifted from 216 to 144.9.

    Average daily planetary A index dropped from 13.9 to 9.6.

    The solar flux estimate for the next month has values peaking at 205
    on May 15-16 and again on June 11-12.

    The values are 135 on May 3, 132 on May 4-5, then 134 and 136 on May
    6-7, 138 on May 8-9, then 140, 155, 160, 175 and 180 on May 10-14,
    205 on May 15-16, then 200, 195, 190, 185, 180, and 165 on May
    17-22, 145 on May 23-24, then 140, 135, 130, and 125 on May 25-28,
    then 120, 115 and 120 May 29-31, 125 on June 1-2, 130, 145, and 150
    June 3-5, 155 on June 6-7, then 160, 175 and 180 on June 8-10, and
    205 on June 11-12.

    Predicted planetary A index is 18, 20, 18 and 10 on May 3-6, 5 on
    May 7-22, 15 on May 23, 12 on May 24-25, then 10, 8, 15, 18 and 10
    on May 26-30, then 8 on May 31 through June 3, and 5 on June 4
    through the middle of the month.
     
    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - May 2, 2024 from OK1HH.

    "The number of sunspot groups at the present stage of the 11-year
    cycle varies between five and twelve. Of these, one to three can be
    described as active regions, whereby their size and magnetic
    configuration suggest the possibility of energetic flares of
    intermediate magnitude. A number of these are accompanied by CMEs,
    which, given their position on the Sun, are expected to strike the
    Earth. Therefore, predictions of increased geomagnetic activity are
    quite often made, but most of them do not come true. Conversely, if
    the Earth is affected, a geomagnetic disturbance so strong that it
    affects the conditions for shortwave propagation will develop.

    "CME collisions with the Earth have mainly caused magnetic storms
    and subsequent deterioration of shortwave propagation on 21-22 April
    and 27-28 April. Especially in the latter case, the recovery from
    the disturbance was very slow, even multi-day, due in part to the
    decrease in solar radiation. Added to this was another geomagnetic
    disturbance in the late evening hours UTC on 30 April, which caused
    a decrease in MUF and a worsening on 1 May."

    NOAA article about Solar Cycle 25 progress:

    https://bit.ly/3WshU2e[1]

    In an email Thursday morning, Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW, wrote:

    "Region 3654 sure has been a point of contention this week. Despite
    a lot of big flares, the eruptions that have occurred have been
    rather unspectacular-- or so we all thought. Twice now, we have had
    stealthy solar storms hit Earth. The first one that hit yesterday,
    was not particularly impactful. In fact, for those who have been
    following the news in our community chat here on Patreon, you have
    seen me discuss the event there, instead of posting an official
    'Snapshot.' I did this because that storm was weak and slow, without
    much southward-pointing field. In other words, it was so
    yawn-worthy, I haven't bothered to update my twitter feed with the
    news.

    "That all changed when yet another stealthy solar storm hit, just a
    few hours ago. This one is much stronger. The top solar disk image
    shows the source region for this event. It was an unimpressive event
    in coronagraphs, with no clear Earthward directed signature.
    However, it has a strong magnetic field, that is pointing southward,
    and is fast. This one has given us G3-levels momentarily, but could
    keep us at sustained G2-level conditions.

    "Both of these events have eluded detection by several (if not all
    of the big space weather forecasting agencies) so it is clear,
    stealthy solar storms continue to be a problem through solar
    maximum. I had been working on a formal forecast, but I am thinking
    I will do an impromptu live forecast today since things are
    unfolding faster than I can update my current work. Stay tuned. I
    will likely go live this afternoon (PDT time), a few hours from now.
    Till then, know that we could very easily hit G2-levels within the
    next hour at SWPC, if conditions remain as they are."

    From Universe Magazine, another Radio Blackout:

    https://bit.ly/4bkCHsL[2]

    There was another blackout on Thursday, when two CMEs caused a G3
    geomagnetic storm. According to Spaceweather.com, another CME is
    expected on May 4.

    From NDTV, an earlier disturbance:

    https://bit.ly/3UpNF9J[3]

    From reader David Moore, an article on a fluffy corona:

    https://bit.ly/3w9B3eP[4]

    From The Daily Galaxy, Solar fury:

    https://bit.ly/3UFE6Vg[5]

    Cosmic rarity, But did they really need to reference astrology?

    https://bit.ly/3wiEaAX[6]

    From Space.com, more on Radio Blackouts:

    https://bit.ly/3UIWyfW[7]

    Another from Space.com about the Solar max:

    https://bit.ly/3wjtr9o[8]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[9]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[10] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[11] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[12] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[13] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[14] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[15]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[16] .

    Sunspot numbers for April 25 through May 1 2024 were 196, 154, 126,
    119, 88, 85, and 104 with a mean of 124.6. 10.7 cm flux was 166.7,
    152.6, 152.6, 140.1, 137.6, 130.2, and 134.8, with a mean of 144.9.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 3, 19, 12, 7, 6, 12, and 8, with
    a mean of 9.6. Middle latitude A index was 3, 11, 12, 7, 7, 10, and
    10, with a mean of 8.6.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/3WshU2e
    [2] https://bit.ly/4bkCHsL
    [3] https://bit.ly/3UpNF9J
    [4] https://bit.ly/3w9B3eP
    [5] https://bit.ly/3UFE6Vg
    [6] https://bit.ly/3wiEaAX
    [7] https://bit.ly/3UIWyfW
    [8] https://bit.ly/3wjtr9o
    [9] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [10] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [11] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [12] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [13] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [14] http://k9la.us/
    [15] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [16] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri May 10 17:40:30 2024
    05/10/2024

    "ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 2302 UTC/09 MAY 2024 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "Four halo CMEs first observed over 08-09 May are expected to arrive
    at Earth on 10-May, starting at 1000 UTC +/- 10 hours. G4
    geomagnetic conditions are expected on 10-May, reducing to G3 with a
    chance of G4 on 11-May.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL MASS EJECTION FROM 10-12 MAY 2024.

    "GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY FORECAST:

    "10 May: G4
    11 May: G3, chance of G4
    12 May: G1"

    Six new sunspot groups appeared this reporting week, May 2-8, one
    each day on May 2-4, two on May 5 and another on May 6. On May 9 two
    more sunspot groups emerged, and the daily sunspot number rose to
    170.

    Average daily sunspot number increased from 124.6 to 138.3, and
    average daily solar flux rose from 144.9 to 177.6.

    Average daily planetary A index climbed from 9.6 to 14.4, while
    middle latitude numbers went from 8.6 to 12.3.

    The most active day was May 2, when the planetary A index was 44.
    Alaska's College A index was 61. The cause was two CMEs striking
    Earth, causing a G3 class geomagnetic storm.

    The solar flux is peaking now and may peak again around June 11-12
    at 205.

    Predicted solar flux is 240 and 225 on May 10-11, 220 on May 12-13,
    then 215 on May 14, then 210 on May 15-16, and 200, 195, 190, 185,
    180, 175, 170, 165 and 170 on May 17-25, then 175 on May 26-27, 170
    on May 28, then 165 on May 29-31, then 175, 180, 185, 190 and 185 on
    June 1-5, 175 on June 6-9, 180 on June 10, 205 on June 11-12, then
    200, 195, 190 and 185 on June 13-16.

    Predicted planetary A index is 8, 5, 8, 12 and 10 on May 10-14, 5 on
    May 15-22, then 8, 12, 8, 5, 12 and 8 on May 23-28, then 5, 5 and 8
    on May 29-31, and 12 on June 1-3, then 8, 10, 5 and 5 on June 4-7,
    then 8, 15 and 10 on June 8-10, and 5 on June 11-18.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - May 9, 2024 from OK1HH.

    "This week, the number of sunspot groups was smaller than in
    previous weeks (decreased from nine on Monday to six on Wednesday),
    but two of them (AR3663 and AR3664) are really big. Moreover, both
    have a beta-gamma-delta magnetic configuration, indicating the
    possibility of producing strong solar flares. Moderate flares
    (M-class) were observed several times a day and large flares
    (X-class) were not an exception.

    "Although AR3663 is now approaching the northwestern limb of the
    solar disk, the overall solar activity is certainly not decreasing,
    quite the contrary: AR3664 continued to grow rapidly, and has merged
    with neighboring AR3668 to rival the large Carrington spot of 1859
    in size. If it were to produce a CME eruption similar to 1859, and
    if the CME were to hit the Earth, the so-called 'Carrington Event'
    could be repeated, with potentially devastating consequences for
    power and communications grids.

    "So far, on the lower shortwave bands, we have seen rapid and large
    increases in attenuation during large flares, up to and including
    disruption of communications for tens of minutes to hours. The
    phenomenon is abbreviated SWF (Shortwave Fading), belongs to the SID
    (Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance) group. SWF is named after two
    physicists, John Howard Dellinger and Hans Mogel, as the Dellinger
    effect, or sometimes Mogel-Dellinger effect.

    "Solar flares with CMEs in the western half of the solar disk appear
    to be followed by an increase in geomagnetic activity and a marked
    fluctuation in shortwave propagation conditions around the weekend,
    with a slow return to average conditions in the following days."

    Recent reports from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGdPOsRgBIE[1]

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDEWbYqyNAo[2]

    Today's large sunspot comparable to Carrington Event:

    https://bit.ly/3Uxd94R[3]

    Not like Carrington event:

    https://bit.ly/4dA8eJ3[4]

    Northern lights:

    https://wapo.st/3UyKgp8[5]

    https://bit.ly/3JX27kK[6]

    https://bit.ly/3JUrbZr[7]

    Really big sunspots:

    https://bit.ly/44E2gTI[8]

    Flare attacks Earth:

    https://voi.id/en/technology/379507[9]

    May 11 warning on X-Class Solar Flares:

    https://bit.ly/4bv45o5[10]

    Celestial onslaught of three Solar Flares:

    https://bit.ly/4dAPDNk[11]

    Solar storm train:

    https://bit.ly/3wjypDl[12]

    Aurora in Oregon and Washington.

    https://bit.ly/4dvKDJE[13]

    More on Solar Storms:

    https://bit.ly/3JQv3e6[14]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[15]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[16] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[17] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[18] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[19] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[20] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[21]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[22] .

    Sunspot numbers for May 2 through 8 2024 were 125, 121, 136, 152,
    148, 144, and 142 with a mean of 138.3. 10.7 cm flux was 141.9, 156,
    166.6, 176.9, 171.2, 203.6, and 227.1, with a mean of 177.6.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 44, 10, 6, 12, 15, 7, and 7, with
    a mean of 14.4. Middle latitude A index was 24, 16, 5, 12, 13, 6,
    and 10, with a mean of 12.3.

     


    [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGdPOsRgBIE
    [2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDEWbYqyNAo
    [3] https://bit.ly/3Uxd94R
    [4] https://bit.ly/4dA8eJ3
    [5] https://wapo.st/3UyKgp8
    [6] https://bit.ly/3JX27kK
    [7] https://bit.ly/3JUrbZr
    [8] https://bit.ly/44E2gTI
    [9] https://voi.id/en/technology/379507
    [10] https://bit.ly/4bv45o5
    [11] https://bit.ly/4dAPDNk
    [12] https://bit.ly/3wjypDl
    [13] https://bit.ly/4dvKDJE
    [14] https://bit.ly/3JQv3e6
    [15] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [16] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [17] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [18] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [19] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [20] http://k9la.us/
    [21] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [22] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri May 31 19:28:11 2024
    05/31/2024

    SB PROP @ ARL $ARLP020
    ARLP020 Propagation de K7RA  

    ZCZC AP20
    QST de W1AW  
    Propagation Forecast Bulletin 20  ARLP020
    From Tad Cook, K7RA Seattle, WA  May 31, 2024
    To all radio amateurs   

    SB PROP ARL ARLP020
    ARLP020 Propagation de K7RA  
    Solar activity was quiet this week. Average daily sunspot number slipped from 155.1 to 124.6, and average solar flux from 198.9 to 164.8.  

    Geomagnetic conditions were quiet, with average planetary A index going from 13.9 to 7.9, and middle latitude A index from 11.7 to 9.

    Eight new sunspot groups emerged, one on May 23, two on May 25, four on May 26, and one on May 28.

    The outlook for the next month predicts solar flux at 175 on May 31 through June 6, then 210, 200, 195, 190, 185 and 180 on June 7-12, 170 on June 13-14, 165 on June 15, 190 on June 16-17, 185 on June 18, then 190 on June 19-20, then 185, 195 and 200 on June 21-23, then 210, 210 and 215 on June 24-26, 225 on June 27-29, 220 on June 30 through July 1, 210 on July 2-4, then 200, 195 and 190 on July 5-7.

    Predicted planetary A index is 25 on May 31 and June 1, 5 on June 2-7, then 10, 12, 8, 12 and 10 on June 8-12, 5 on June 13-19 then 15 and 12 on June 20-21, then 5, 12, 8 and 5 on June 22-25, and 5, 10, 12, 12 and 8 on June 26-30, then 5 on July 1-4, then 10, 12, 8, 12 and 10 on July 5-9.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's Ionosphere from OK1HH.

    "Over the past seven days, two active regions have returned to the solar disk where large solar flares with CMEs were observed during the last solar revolution. These were regions AR3663 and AR3664, now designated AR3691 and AR3697. The activity of the latter caused a major geomagnetic storm with auroras on 10 May, the largest in decades. Until these large groups of spots reach the center of the solar disk or near the central meridian (i.e., approximately June 6-7), solar activity will increase in a roughly 20-day fluctuation and then decrease again.

    "Even the last major solar flare on May 29 afternoon UTC was observed in AR3697 and was accompanied by a CME. Part of the particle cloud will probably hit Earth sometime between late afternoon on June 1 and the morning of June 2. The onset of the phenomenon should be accompanied by an improvement in shortwave propagation conditions and a deterioration can be expected during its continuation on June 2.

    "In the following days, due to increasing solar activity and a calmer state of the Earth's magnetosphere, shortwave propagation should improve again. However, if another large solar flare occurs, the development could be much more dramatic. Another reason for the current instability of shortwave conditions is the rise in Summer sporadic-E layer activity in the northern hemisphere.

    Spaceweather.com reports NOAA forecasters say a G2 class geomagnetic storm is possible on May 31 when a CME grazes earth. But a NASA forecast suggests a near miss. This is from a CME at 1433 UTC on May 29 from sunspot group AR3664.

    More on sunspot group AR3664:  

    https://bit.ly/4bAeJKA[1]  

    https://bit.ly/3wY48tT[2]  

    https://tinyurl.com/2p9c98tm[3]  

    https://tinyurl.com/mskr6ptb[4]  

    https://tinyurl.com/ypnjcc6d[5]  

    https://tinyurl.com/2pvuk5db[6]

    The latest video from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:
    https://youtu.be/O2Y9QGLMvsc[7]  

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation and the ARRL Technical Information Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[8]. For an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere.

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[9].

    More good information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[10] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:   https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[11]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[12].

    Sunspot numbers for May 23 through 29 2024 were 130, 100, 106, 148, 116, 141, and 131, with a mean of 124.6. 10.7 cm flux was 176.2, 162.8, 152.4, 155.6, 170, 166.4, and 170.5, with a mean of 164.8. Estimated planetary A indices were 10, 9, 6, 10, 8, 6, and 6, with a mean of 7.9. Middle latitude A index was 10, 11, 6, 10, 9, 7, and 10, with a mean of 8.

    NNNN
    /EX    


    [1] https://bit.ly/4bAeJKA
    [2] https://bit.ly/3wY48tT
    [3] https://tinyurl.com/2p9c98tm
    [4] https://tinyurl.com/mskr6ptb
    [5] https://tinyurl.com/ypnjcc6d
    [6] https://tinyurl.com/2pvuk5db
    [7] https://youtu.be/O2Y9QGLMvsc
    [8] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [9] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [10] http://k9la.us/
    [11] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [12] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Jun 7 16:47:31 2024
    06/07/2024

    This reporting week (May 30 to June 5) our Sun was active, with nine
    new sunspot groups.

    One emerged on May 30, another on May 31, two more on June 1,
    another on June 2, three more on June 3, and one more on June 4.

    Average daily sunspot number rose from 124.6 to 183.4, and average
    daily solar flux from 164.8 to 184.8.

    Predicted solar flux is 190 on June 7-9, 170 on June 10-19, 180 on
    June 20, 190 on June 21-23, 195 on June 24 and 25, 200 on June 26,
    205 on June 27-29, 180 on June 30, then 185, 185 and 180 on July
    1-3, 175 on July 4-7, 180 and 175 on July 8-9, and 170 on July
    10-16.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5, 10 and 8 on June 7-9, 5 on June
    10-18, 8 on June 19-20, then 5, 8 and 8 on June 21-23, and 5 on June
    24 to July 6, then 8, 10, and 8 on July 7-9, and 5 on July 10-15.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - June 6, 2024 from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:

    "The rise in solar activity is confirmed by the average sunspot
    number for May, 171.7, which is the highest in 22 years. Plugging
    this into the formula for calculating the smoothed 12-month average
    gives 127.8 for last November. As a consequence of the high solar
    activity, including CME flares, there were a large number of
    geomagnetic storms in May. The largest of these occurred on 10-11
    May, while accompanied by auroras, easily observable even at
    mid-latitudes.

    "Shortwave conditions were above average on only six days out of the
    entire month of May, and mostly poor on half of the days in response
    to a total of seven one- to three-day disturbed intervals. The worst
    day was May 11. In addition, a summertime sporadic-E layer
    contributed to the erratic development, especially in the
    mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

    "While the two large sunspot groups, AR3663 and AR3664 (AR3691 and
    AR3697 in June), continue to have a magnetic configuration conducive
    to the production of large flares, there are fewer of them than in
    May, and the evolution of propagation conditions is therefore more
    regular, and the occurrence of above-average days is more frequent.
    The number of sunspot groups increased from seven to twelve during
    the first six days of June.

    "Although the sunspot number and the solar flux (which is the power
    flux of solar radio noise at the 10.7 cm wavelength) may still be
    increasing, a repeat of the large disturbances experienced in May is
    unlikely in the near term."

    On June 3, Glenn Packard, K4ZOT, wrote:

    "I just received your Propagation Report and was reading it when a
    near miracle happened. Hawaii 6M FT8 station (KH6HI) came in on my
    JTAlert program here - South of Atlanta, GA - 06/3.  Also, worked
    several west Coast stations (VE7DX, KF7PG, etc.) as well in rapid
    succession before the band changed.  Very rare indeed to even hear a
    HI station in Atlanta."

    An article about Astrophotographer Andrew McCarthy:

    https://mymodernmet.com/andrew-mccarthy-sunspot-time-lapse/[1]

    The latest report from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/8WzEbOeWVfk[2]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[3]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[4] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[5] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[6] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[7] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[8] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[9]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10] .

    Sunspot numbers for May 30 through June 5, 2024 were 144, 135, 194,
    186, 208, 224, and 193, with a mean of 183.4. 10.7 cm flux was
    172.9, 179.4, 188, 179.8, 186, 192.3, and 195.3, with a mean of
    184.8. Estimated planetary A indices were 8, 12, 5, 5, 11, 8, and 7,
    with a mean of 8. Middle latitude A index was 10, 14, 6, 5, 13, 8,
    and 10, with a mean of 9.4.

     


    [1] https://mymodernmet.com/andrew-mccarthy-sunspot-time-lapse/
    [2] https://youtu.be/8WzEbOeWVfk
    [3] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [4] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [5] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [6] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Jun 21 20:55:53 2024
    06/14/2024

    "ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 0650 UTC/14 JUNE 2024 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "A weak halo CME may impact Earth either on late UTC day 15-Jun or
    else early UTC day 16-Jun.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL MASS EJECTION FROM 15-16 JUNE 2024"

    Solar activity was lower over the past reporting week, June 6-12.

    Ten new sunspot groups emerged, two on June 6, one on June 7, two on
    June 9, and five on June 12.

    Average daily sunspot number dropped from 44 points from 183.4 to
    139.4, and average daily solar flux from 184.8 to 179.2.

    Average daily planetary A index went from 8 to 11.6, and middle
    latitude numbers from 9.4 to 11.1.

    The most active day geomagnetically was June 7, when the planetary A
    index was 28. Alaska's College A index was 38. This was an
    unexpected G2 geomagnetic storm that commenced at 1130 UTC.

    Spaceweather.com[1] reports a polar cap absorption event on June 12-13.
    Protons from the Sun are raining down on Earth, and it is causing
    shortwave blackouts. You can monitor it here:

    https://bit.ly/3Vpopko[2]

    Predicted solar flux shows a peak at 205 on June 26-29 and again on
    July 23-26.

    The forecast shows flux at 170 on June 14, 175 on June 15-17, then
    180 on June 18-20, then 185, 190 and 195 on June 21-23, 200 on June
    24-25, 205 on June 26-29, then 200, 190, 180, 175, 170, 165, 160 and
    175 on June 30 through July 7, then 170 on July 8-9, 165 on July
    10-11, 155 on July 12-13, then 165 and 175 on July 14-15, 185 on
    July 16-18, then 190, 195 and 200 on July 19-21.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5, 12 and 15 on June 14-16, then 8 on
    June 17-18, then 5 on June 19-21, then 8 on Jun 22-23, then 5 on
    June 24-29, 8 on June 30 and July 1, and 5 on July 2-6, then 8 on
    July 7, 5 on July 8-15, then 8, 8, 5, 8 and 8 on July on July 16-20.

    "Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - June 13, 2024, from OK1HH:

    "Despite the fact that the large sunspot group responsible for the
    geomagnetic disturbances and the beautiful auroras of May 10-11 is
    now on the far side of the Sun, its flares are showering the Earth's surroundings with a rain of protons. On the whole, however, there is
    no doubt that after its reappearance at the eastern edge of the
    solar disk, solar activity will again increase significantly, with
    solar flux values exceeding 200 in late June and early July.

    "For now, we will be content with the consequences of a slight
    decrease in overall solar activity, although moderate solar flares
    are no exception. Upswells in geomagnetic activity occur only
    occasionally and most days are quiet to unsettled. Summer prevails
    in the Earth's northern hemisphere, and sporadic-E layer events
    contribute even more than solar events to the erratic shortwave
    propagation conditions here.

    "With the exception of the two largest active regions, however,
    there is little going on at present on the far side of the Sun, and
    so July already seems to be considerably quieter than May and June
    were."

    Radiation risks for Mars astronauts:

    https://bit.ly/4b272M7[3]

    Viewing sunspots from Mars:

    https://go.nasa.gov/3RsTP87[4]

    May solar images from various online sources:

    https://bit.ly/45lmVvS[5]

    https://bit.ly/3VFwCCb[6]

    https://www.space.com/sun-solar-storm-may-10-timelapse[7]

    https://bigthink.com/hard-science/sun-activity-2024/[8]

    Next weekend is ARRL Field Day, June 22-23. Solar flux and sunspot
    numbers should be rising at that time, and predicted planetary A
    index is a moderate 8.

    There will be an updated forecast in next week's bulletin.

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[9]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[10] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[11] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[12] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[13] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[14] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[15]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[16] .

    Sunspot numbers for June 6 through 12 2024 were 149, 150, 143, 148,
    146, 95, and 145, with a mean of 139.4. 10.7 cm flux was 190.9,
    184.4, 190.4, 180.9, 177.8, 164.9, and 164.9, with a mean of 179.2.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 6, 28, 14, 5, 11, 12, and 5, with
    a mean of 11.6. Middle latitude A index was 7, 20, 15, 6, 11, 13,
    and 6, with a mean of 11.1.
     


    [1] http://Spaceweather.com
    [2] https://bit.ly/3Vpopko
    [3] https://bit.ly/4b272M7
    [4] https://go.nasa.gov/3RsTP87
    [5] https://bit.ly/45lmVvS
    [6] https://bit.ly/3VFwCCb
    [7] https://www.space.com/sun-solar-storm-may-10-timelapse
    [8] https://bigthink.com/hard-science/sun-activity-2024/
    [9] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [10] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [11] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [12] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [13] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [14] http://k9la.us/
    [15] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [16] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Jun 21 20:55:58 2024
    06/21/2024

    Sunspot numbers rose this week, with the average changing from 139.4
    to 149.6, but average daily solar flux only shifted from 179.2 to
    178.

    Only four sunspot groups emerged this week. There was one on June 15
    and three on June 19.

    Average daily planetary A index only changed from 11.6 to 10.3.

    Predicted solar flux is 205 and 210 on June 21-22, then 200 June
    23-27, then 190, 185, and 190, on June 28-30, then 190, 195, 190,
    185 and 190 on July 1-5, 180 on July 6-7, 165 on July 8-9, 180 on
    July 10, then 170 on July 11-13, 175 on July 14, 180 on July 15-17,
    175 on July 18-19, 190 on July 20-21, then 180, 175, 180, 190, 180,
    185 and 190 on July 22-28.

    Predicted planetary A index is 10, 12 and 10 on June 21-23, then 5
    on June 24-29, 8 on Jun 30 to July 1, then 5 on July 2-14, then 12,
    8, 8, and 5 on July 15-18, 8 on July 19-20, and 5 on July 21-26,
    then 8 on July 27-28.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - June 20, 2024, from OK1HH.

    F.K. Janda is going on vacation and will not have a report for us
    over the next few weeks.

    "Watching the Sun at its current 11-year peak of activity is
    certainly not boring. On the contrary, we are experiencing quite
    frequent surprises. For example, a week ago we observed an increased attenuation of radio waves in the polar region (PCA = POLAR CAP
    ABSORPTION EVENT), caused by protons coming from the far side of the
    Sun. Then, on 15 June (at 1157 UTC), a cloud of particles
    unexpectedly hit the Earth, triggering a weak G1 class geomagnetic
    storm.

    "Over the next few days, AR3712 became larger, followed by AR3713
    and AR3716. All three of these large sunspot groups are already
    located in the western half of the solar disk, where particles from
    a possible larger flare are more likely to hit Earth. In addition,
    all three regions have an unstable magnetic field and are therefore
    more likely to have M- or X-class flares.

    "Of the largest sunspot groups observed this cycle, two will soon
    reappear on the eastern limb of the solar disk (in May they were
    designated AR3663 and AR3664). The first of these will begin to
    emerge on the solar disk this weekend. The second, and then largest
    group, will follow a few days after that. Fortunately, solar
    activity will remain high, but unfortunately, changes in propagation
    conditions will be harder to predict."

    From the European Space Agency:

    https://bit.ly/3VQt54j[1]

    AR3712 and flares:

    https://bit.ly/3xiIGAa[2]

    Reverse magnetic field:

    https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20240617-sun-magnetic-field-flip/[3]

    This video about the Sun's corona is undated:

    https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x90o8gw[4]

    Polar cap absorption event:

    https://bit.ly/3REcY7b[5]

    https://bit.ly/3REhuTb[6]

    Latest videos from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/J3XdqnWYNh4[7]

    https://youtu.be/tzfvKObBf_w[8]

    This weekend is ARRL Field Day, and the forecast looks good, with
    high solar flux at 200 and 190.

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[9]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[10] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[11] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[12] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[13] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[14] .

    Also, check this QST article on Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[15]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[16] .

    Sunspot numbers for June 13 through 19 2024 were 142, 117, 134, 152,
    171, 150, and 181, with a mean of 149.6. 10.7 cm flux was 170.1,
    169, 170.7, 167.3, 179.9, 192.7, and 196, with a mean of 178.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 4, 6, 19, 13, 11, 10, and 9, with
    a mean of 10.3. Middle latitude A index was 5, 8, 18, 9, 11, 11, and
    9, with a mean of 10.1.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/3VQt54j
    [2] https://bit.ly/3xiIGAa
    [3] https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20240617-sun-magnetic-field-flip/
    [4] https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x90o8gw
    [5] https://bit.ly/3REcY7b
    [6] https://bit.ly/3REhuTb
    [7] https://youtu.be/J3XdqnWYNh4
    [8] https://youtu.be/tzfvKObBf_w
    [9] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [10] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [11] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [12] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [13] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [14] http://k9la.us/
    [15] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [16] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Jun 28 14:16:05 2024
    06/28/2024

    ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 0538UTC/28 JUNE 2024 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE:

    "A glancing blow from a recent CME is expected to arrive late on UT
    day 28-Jun. Additional to this, solar wind parameter Bz has been
    oriented southward for approximately 15 hours. Combined this may
    induce G1 geomagnetic conditions. A second CME is expected to arrive
    late on UT day 29-Jun and may also cause G1 geomagnetic conditions.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL MASS EJECTION FROM 28-29 JUNE 2024."

    Nine new sunspot groups emerged over this reporting week, June
    20-26.

    Two appeared on June 21, four on June 23, two more on June 25 and
    one on June 26.

    Average daily sunspot number declined from 149.6 to 141.6, but
    average daily solar flux increased from 178 to 195.1.

    Average planetary A index declined from 10.3 to 7.

    Predicted solar flux for the near term is 182 on June 28-30, then
    180, 185, 180, 175, and 190 on July 1-5, 180 on July 6-7, then 165,
    165 and 180 on July 8-10, 170 on July 11-13, then 180, 190 and 195
    on July 14-16, then 200 on July 17-18, 195 on July 19-20, 190 on
    July 21-28, then 195, 190, 185 and 190 on July 29 through August 1,
    and 180 on August 2-3.

    Predicted planetary A index is 12 and 15 on June 28-29, 5 on June 30
    through July 13, then 10, 10 and 8 on July 14-16, 5 on July 17-19, 8
    on July 20, then 5 on July 21-26, 8 on July 27-28, and 5 on July 29
    to August 9.

    Geomagnetic activity forecast for the period June 28 - July 04,
    2024, from Tomas Bayer, RWC Prague, Institute of Geophysics of the
    ASCR, Prague, Department of Geomagnetism Budkov observatory (BDV):

    "Quiet: June 30 to July 1, 3 and 4

    "Unsettled: June 28 and 29, July 1 and 2

    "Active: possible June 28 and 29, July 2

    "Minor storm: 0

    "Major storm: 0

    "Severe storm: 0

    "Next week, we expect quiet to unsettled conditions. Two unsettled
    to active events are possible next week.

    "The first one is possible about June 28 - 29, and the other one,
    but unlikely, about July 2. Other days, we expect quiet to unsettled conditions."

    George Hoffman, W7POE, wrote in an email:

    "A question some of us have is, with the quite high SFI and SSN
    numbers, why is the MUF around the Washington state region never
    much above 21 MHz these days? For me 10 meters was totally dead
    during Field Day. I haven't seen MUFs in the 30 MHz region for
    several weeks now. Wonder if you could shed some light on this
    puzzling issue. Thanks."

    I replied that I suspect this is because of seasonal variation.

    I used the W6ELprop program to estimate MUF over a specific path
    (Dallas, Texas from Seattle) with an estimated smoothed sunspot
    number of 133.

    For the current date (June 27) it shows the MUF at about 22 MHz, day
    and night.

    But when I change the date back closer to the Spring Equinox (just
    before March 28), the MUF is highest from 2030-2100 UTC at 34.7 MHz.

    It also shows MUF above 28 MHz from 1530-0230 UTC.

    George also shared a very useful link:

    https://prop.kc2g.com/[1]

    George replied:

    "I also just ran W6ELprop and got 22 MHz for the Burien to Dallas
    path and 17.6 MHz for the Burien to New York path. Anyway, I will
    wait around for 10 meter openings.  Thanks again."

    William Paul, KD6JUI, of Dixon, California wrote in an email:

    "I was operating from my kayak again on Field Day.  10 watts into a
    homebrew loop. My ops were all SSB.

    "Only heard one (1!) station on 10m, so all my operating was
    confined to 15m. I had enough exchanges to keep me happy but there
    was a lot of fading. Didn't hear any foreign stations coming in.

    "Did get some fine photos of bees pollinating water flowers.

    "Maybe if Field Day were held in December and with the same high
    solar flux, 15 and 10 meters would've been a lot more active."

    K7RA comment: "There is Winter Field Day in January."

    NASA images:

    https://bit.ly/3LmluV7[2]

    Solar max and climate:

    https://tinyurl.com/mu6wv455[3]

    Active sunspot returns:

    https://tinyurl.com/nhcpu46h[4]

    https://tinyurl.com/fjea8zf8[5]

    Big sunspot:

    https://tinyurl.com/tuc8kyee[6]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions, and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[7]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[8] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[9] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[10] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[11] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[12] .

    Also, check this QST article about Solar Indices:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[13]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[14] .

    Sunspot numbers for June 20 through 26 2024 were 138, 133, 139, 176,
    141, 129, and 135, with a mean of 149.6. 10.7 cm flux was 203.3,
    196.9, 195.7, 195.8, 198.7, 193.7, and 181.4, with a mean of 178.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 7, 5, 4, 10, 5, 9, and 9, with a
    mean of 10.3. Middle latitude A index was 8, 4, 6, 12, 7, 9, and 8,
    with a mean of 10.1.
    NNNN
    /EX

     


    [1] https://prop.kc2g.com/
    [2] https://bit.ly/3LmluV7
    [3] https://tinyurl.com/mu6wv455
    [4] https://tinyurl.com/nhcpu46h
    [5] https://tinyurl.com/fjea8zf8
    [6] https://tinyurl.com/tuc8kyee
    [7] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [8] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [9] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [10] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [11] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [12] http://k9la.us/
    [13] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [14] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Jul 5 23:42:31 2024
    07/05/2024

    Solar activity increased this week, with average daily sunspot numbers rising from 149.6 to 181.6. For some reason average daily solar flux decreased from 178 to 175.

    Seven new sunspot groups emerged this week, one on June 27, two on June 28, three on June 29, and one more on July 3.

    Average daily planetary index rose from 10.3 to 15.6 while average middle latitude A index rose from 10.1 to 11.6.

    On Friday, June 28, a CME caused a severe G4 class geomagnetic storm. Middle latitude A index was 32 and planetary A index was 59, much higher than Alaska's college A index (36).

    Predicted solar flux is 175, 172 and 168 on July 5 to 7, 160 on July 8 and 9, 155 on July 10 and 11, 170 on July 12 and 13, 180 on July 14, 175 on July 15 to 17, 180 on July 18 to 21, 185 on July 22, 180 on July 23 to 29, 175 on July 30, 170 on July 31 through August 9 and 180 on August 10.

    Predicted planetary A index is 8, 5, 5, 12 and 10 on July 5 to 9, 5 on July 10 to 13, then 10, 10 and 8 on July 14 to 16, 5 on July 17 to 19, then 10 and 8 on July 20 and 21, and 5 on July 22 through August 9, and 10 on August 10 and 11.

    "Geomagnetic activity forecast for July 5 to 11, 2024

    Quiet: July 5 to 7, 9 and 10

    Unsettled: July 7 and 8, 11

    Active: possible July 8, 11

    Minor storm: 0

    Major storm: 0

    Severe storm: 0

    "Next week, we expect at most quiet to unsettled conditions. More unsettled conditions with possible isolated active event are possible about July 7 and 8, and also at the end of the current forecast period, about Thursday, July 11." Tomas Bayer RWC Prague Institute of Geophysics of the ASCR Department of Geomagnetism Budkov Observatory

    2023 NOAA updates:

    https://www.weather.gov/news/102523-solar-cycle-25-update[1]

    https://bit.ly/3XRnufb[2]

    https://bit.ly/3VT7net[3]

    Latest from Tamitha Skov, KX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/kGUb15uWzBw[4]

    Blackout: https://bit.ly/45R9PqD[5]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[6] . When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[7] and the ARRL Technical Information Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[8] .  

    For an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[9] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at

    http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[10]


    More good information and tutorials on propagation are at

    http://k9la.us/[11]

    Also, check this: https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[12]

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[13] .

    Sunspot numbers for June 27 through July 3 2024 were 146, 162, 205, 192, 192, 192, and 182, with a mean of 181.6. 10.7 cm flux was 182.5, 180.7, 186.4, 173.8, 170.6, 163.8, and 167.4, with a mean of 175. Estimated planetary A indices were 9, 59, 14, 11, 6, 5, and 5, with a mean of 15.6. Middle latitude A index was 11, 32, 11, 10, 5, 6, and 6, with a mean of 11.6.


    [1] https://www.weather.gov/news/102523-solar-cycle-25-update
    [2] https://bit.ly/3XRnufb
    [3] https://bit.ly/3VT7net
    [4] https://youtu.be/kGUb15uWzBw
    [5] https://bit.ly/45R9PqD
    [6] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [7] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [8] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [9] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [10] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [11] http://k9la.us/
    [12] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [13] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Sat Jul 13 00:00:32 2024
    07/12/2024

    New sunspot groups, nine in all, emerged on every day of this reporting week, July 4 to 10. One on July 4, another on July 5, two more on July 6, another each on July 7 and July 8, two more on July 9 and another on July 10.

    On July 11, two more sunspot groups emerged, and the total sunspot area expanded by 13 per cent.

    Despite the appearance of so many new sunspots, average daily sunspot number declined from 181.6 to 129, compared to the previous week. Average daily solar flux barely moved, changing from 175 to 176.6.

    Predicted solar flux for the next month is 205 on July 12 and 13, 210 on July 14 and 15, 205 on July 16 to 18, 195 on July 19 and 20, 200 on July 21 to 25, 190 on July 26, 180 on July 27 to 29, 175 on July 30, and 170 on July 31 through August 2, then 165 on August 3 to 6, 160 on August 7 and 8, 175 on August 9, 180 on August 10 to 13, 195 on August 14 to 16, and 200 on August 17 to 21.

    Predicted planetary A index is 8, 15, 18, 12 and 8 on July 12 to 16, 5 on July 17 to 20, then 10 and 8 on July 21 and 22, then 5 on July 23 to August 3, then 12, 10, and 5 on August 4 to 6, then 12, 8 and 5 on August 7 to 9, then 12, 10 and 8 on August 10 to 12, then 5 on August 13 to 15, and 10 and 8 on August 16 and 17 and 5 on August 18 and beyond.

    Tamitha Skov wrote in an email on Wednesday:

    We have a new big flare player rotating through the Earth-strike zone with some X-flare potential. Region 3738 has been growing rapidly over the past 24 hours, with some new spot clusters emerging right in the center of the original set. This kind of growth is highly magnetically unstable and is upping the noise on the day-side radio bands.

    As of earlier today, we had already popped a couple of low-level M-class flares and now are approaching the R1-radio blackout level for a noise floor. That is quick growth! I did my best to estimate the conditions for the coming week in these 5-day Outlooks, but in the time it has taken to generate them, the region's growth has accelerated.

    It looks like I will need to update the Solar Flare and Day side Radio Blackout Outlook in the above snapshot to something closer to a 60 per cent chance of M-Class flares and a 15 per cent chance of X-class flares. I will do this asap!

    Other than Region 3738, we do have a pocket of fast solar wind coming that could give us a decent chance of aurora at high latitudes over the early part of the weekend. This is the only solar storm possibility for now, although we could see a new Earth-directed solar storm launch over the next few days! I will go over this possibility and the new fireworks from Region 3738 in the upcoming forecast I am shooting now.

    Dr. Tamitha Skov has many videos of interest to our readers.  You can find them here:

    https://www.youtube.com/c/TamithaSkov[1]

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's Ionosphere, July 11, 2024 from F. K. Janda, OK1HH.

    In early July, a sunspot group responsible for the May 10 superstorm reappeared on the southeastern limb. By the way, this superstorm caused thousands of satellites to drop in altitude, according to a research paper just accepted by the Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets.

    The aforementioned group was designated AR3664 at the time, in subsequent solar rotations AR3697, AR3723, is visible again, while in the same region are now AR3742, AR3743, and AR3745.

    The most active is the rapidly growing AR3768, five times the size of the Earth. Most importantly, there is a coronal hole to the north of AR3768. Between mentioned CH and AR we can expect a source of enhanced solar wind that will very likely head towards the Earth and cause a geomagnetic disturbance on July 13 and 14. Ionospheric shortwave propagation conditions, randomly influenced by sporadic layer E in the northern hemisphere of the Earth during the summer, affected by numerous solar flares will develop, but less regularly.

    Cycles 24 and 25 compared: https://bit.ly/3Y05gIM[2]

    Sunspot number calculations and the peak of the cycle: https://yhoo.it/3WjX5Wg[3] 

    Five flares: https://bit.ly/3WlwuqT[4]

    David Moore sent this about solar convection:  

    https://bit.ly/3WlQCKF[5]

    Solar max: https://bit.ly/3xK36lR[6]

    New look at Maunder minima: https://bit.ly/3WgVoJh[7]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[8] . When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[9] and the ARRL Technical Information Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[10]

    For an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[11].

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at

    http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[12] . More good information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[13]

    Also, check this: https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[14]  

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[15].

    Sunspot numbers for July 4 through 10 2024 were 113, 111, 132, 119, 95, 143, and 190, with a mean of 129. 10.7 cm flux was 173, 165.6, 166, 171.3, 168.5, 178.2, and 213.6, with a mean of 176.6. Estimated planetary A indices were 10, 8, 3, 8, 10, 6, and 6, with a mean of 7.3. Middle latitude A Index was 10, 10, 4, 7, 11, 8, and 8, with a mean of 8.3.


    [1] https://www.youtube.com/c/TamithaSkov
    [2] https://bit.ly/3Y05gIM
    [3] https://yhoo.it/3WjX5Wg
    [4] https://bit.ly/3WlwuqT
    [5] https://bit.ly/3WlQCKF
    [6] https://bit.ly/3xK36lR
    [7] https://bit.ly/3WgVoJh
    [8] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [9] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [10] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [11] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [12] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [13] http://k9la.us/
    [14] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [15] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Wed Jul 24 13:22:00 2024
    07/19/2024

    Big increase in solar activity this week, with average daily sunspot number rising from 129 to 215.9, and solar flux from 176.6 to 226.5.

    Fourteen new sunspot groups emerged. Two were on July 11, one on July 12, three on July 13, one on July 14, two more on July 15, three more on July 16 and two more on July 17.

    On Thursday (after the reporting week) the daily sunspot number was 276, the highest value for cycle 25, according to Jon Jones, N0JK. A new sunspot group appeared that day.

    Average planetary A index was quiet at 6, and the middle latitude number was 8.

    More quiet geomagnetic indicators are forecast for the entire month of August, with planetary A index predicted at 5 on every day.

    Predicted solar flux is 210 on July 19-21, 200 on July 22-25, 180 on July 26-27, 175 on July 28, 170 on July 29-31, 165 on August 1-2, then 170, 180 and 190 on August 3-5, 200 on August 6-11, and 230 on August 12-14, then 210 on August 15, 200 on August 16-18, then 195 and 185 on August 19-20, and 180 on August 21-23.

    Predicted planetary A index is 8, 16, 20 and 8 on July 19-22, and 5 on July 23 through the entire month of August and possibly the first week in September.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's Ionosphere for July 18, 2024.

    Increased solar flare activity continues. M-class eruptions are almost the order of the day and X-class eruptions are no exception. Their main source is currently the largest AR3751. While it is still in the southeast quadrant of the solar disk, it will cross the central meridian as early as July 19. After that the probability of an Earth impact by a possible CME will increase. In the southwest quadrant we observe five sunspot groups: AR 3742, AR3743, AR3745, AR3747 and AR3758, which were formed by the spill of the original extremely active May AR3664 (designated as AR3697, AR3723 in subsequent solar rotations).

    Solar activity remains high and geomagnetic disturbances are less frequent and do not last long. Ionospheric shortwave propagation conditions, although mostly slightly above average level, vary irregularly. The sporadic layer E will continue for a few more weeks. We will continue to see fading during the day, in particular at lower shortwave frequencies (on the 7 MHz band and much more often and longer on 3.5 MHz) during moderate flares. Entire shortwave bursts will die down here and there during the largest flares, especially long-lasting X-class flares.  F. K. Janda, OK1HH

    Video from Tamitha Skov: https://youtu.be/GLBIY3bbdQE[1]

    Solar Flare: https://bit.ly/3Wp9wjA[2]

    Martian aurora: https://bit.ly/4cJ2L21[3]

    Blackouts: https://bit.ly/468L89c[4]   https://bit.ly/3LrTxex[5]

    https://bit.ly/3Lx0ye6[6]   https://bit.ly/3Y7Lgnq[7]

    Cycle 26: https://bit.ly/3YaG02h[8]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[9] . When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[10] and the ARRL Technical Information Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[11].

    For an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[12] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[13] .  

    More good information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[14]  

    Also, check this: https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[15]  

    Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[16] .

    Sunspot numbers for July 11 through 17 2024 were 188, 162, 214, 217, 205, 250, and 275, with a mean of 215.9. 10.7 cm flux was 205, 209.7, 238.3, 233.9, 233.2, 241.9, and 223.8, with a mean of 226.5. Estimated planetary A indices were 6, 5, 4, 5, 7, 10, and 5, with a mean of 6. Middle latitude A Index was 7, 7, 6, 9, 8, 12, and 7, with a mean of 8.

     


    [1] https://youtu.be/GLBIY3bbdQE
    [2] https://bit.ly/3Wp9wjA
    [3] https://bit.ly/4cJ2L21
    [4] https://bit.ly/468L89c
    [5] https://bit.ly/3LrTxex
    [6] https://bit.ly/3Lx0ye6
    [7] https://bit.ly/3Y7Lgnq
    [8] https://bit.ly/3YaG02h
    [9] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [10] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [11] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [12] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [13] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [14] http://k9la.us/
    [15] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [16] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Aug 23 22:09:54 2024
    08/09/2024

    "ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 0211UT/09 AUGUST 2024 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "Recent CME activity is expected to increase geomagnetic activity from mid 09-Aug and on 10-Aug. Further CME activity on 08-Aug is now expected to also increase geomagnetic activity on 11-Aug.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL MASS EJECTION FROM 09-12 AUGUST 2024 GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY FORECAST

    09 Aug: G0, chance of G1 late in UT day

    10 Aug: G1-G2

    11 Aug: G1-G2

    12 Aug: G1 periods early in UT day, then G0

    Solar activity jumped over the past reporting week (August 1-7) with average daily sunspot number rising from 208.9 to 222.3 and solar flux from 207.3 to 255.3.

    Spaceweather.com reported that sunspot numbers have reached a 23-year high. On August 8 the daily sunspot number climbed to 332. We must be at the peak of cycle 25, but I hope we have more to go.

    Geomagnetic numbers were fundamentally unchanged, with average daily planetary A index shifting from 14 to 15.7 and middle latitude index from 13.1 to 13.4.

    Seven new sunspot groups emerged. One on August 1, two on August 2, three on August 4 and one on August 7.

    Predicted solar flux shows 300 on August 9-10, then 260, 250, 270 and 280 on August 11-14, then 300, 205, 200 and 185 on August 15-18, 180 on August 19-22, 200 and 210 on August 23-24, 220 on August 25-26, 235 on August 27-28, 245 on August 29- 30, and 240 on August 31 through September 7, then 230, 225 and 210 on September 8-10, 205 on September 11-12, then 200 and 185 on September 13-14, and 180 on September 15-18.  

    Predicted planetary A index is 34, 52, 36 and 22 on August 9-12, 5 on August 13-21, then 10 and 8 on August 22-23, 5 on August 24 to September 11, 8 on September 12, and 5 on September 13-17.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's Ionosphere for August 8, 2024 from F.K. Janda, OK1HH.

    "Of the five sunspot groups that moved from the southeast quadrant of the solar disk to the southwest during the past seven days, two of them (AR 3774 and AR 3777) are seeing moderate eruptions almost daily.

    "There were three such eruptions on August 7 alone, while CMEs were observed in two of them. Their arrival on Earth is scheduled for August 10. It could cause a geomagnetic disturbance in the G2 (moderate) to G3 (strong) level. Which could be good news for the initial stage of development of decameter wave propagation conditions.

    "But if the ejected clouds of particles of solar origin are faster and arrive already on the night of August 9-10, this is bad news for subsequent developments. We'll see.

    "In a few days, the current largest active region AR 3780 will be located in the southwest quadrant of the solar disk.

    "Sunspot activity in July was the highest it has been in 23 years.  The average monthly sunspot number for July 2024 was 196.5. The last time this happened was in 2001. The last smoothed average can be calculated for this January: R12 = 131.1."

    Solar Terrestrial Centre of Excellence Newsletter. https://bit.ly/4dfSj1Y[1]

    The Worked All Europe CW DX Contest is this weekend. https://www.darc.de/der-club/referate/conteste/wae-dx-contest/en/[2]

    Predicting solar max: https://bit.ly/3AafcFu[3]

    Flare August 8-9: https://bit.ly/4dDAPg1[4]

    Aurora: https://bit.ly/3WWq3f2[5]

    From David Moore: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730134746.htm[6]

    Sunspot number hits 23 year high:

    https://bit.ly/3LURJej[7]

    https://bit.ly/46AGnFL[8]

    https://aussiedlerbote.de/en/active-sun-many-sunspots-are-visible/[9]

    https://bit.ly/3AdejvP[10]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[11] .  When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[12] and the ARRL Technical Information Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[13] .

    For an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[14] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[15]

    More good information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[16] .

    Also, check this: https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[17] .

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[18] .

    Sunspot numbers for August 1 through 7, 2024 were 260, 232, 217, 194, 189, 222, and 242, with a mean of 222.3. 10.7 cm flux was 234.4, 247.1, 244.6, 240.8, 247.3, 270, and 303.2, with a mean of 255.3. Estimated planetary A indices were 22, 9, 10, 46, 10, 6, and 7, with a mean of 15.7. Middle latitude A Index was 22, 9, 9, 28, 10, 8, and 8, with a mean of 13.4.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/4dfSj1Y
    [2] https://www.darc.de/der-club/referate/conteste/wae-dx-contest/en/
    [3] https://bit.ly/3AafcFu
    [4] https://bit.ly/4dDAPg1
    [5] https://bit.ly/3WWq3f2
    [6] https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/07/240730134746.htm
    [7] https://bit.ly/3LURJej
    [8] https://bit.ly/46AGnFL
    [9] https://aussiedlerbote.de/en/active-sun-many-sunspots-are-visible/
    [10] https://bit.ly/3AdejvP
    [11] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [12] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [13] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [14] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [15] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [16] http://k9la.us/
    [17] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [18] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Aug 23 22:09:59 2024
    08/16/2024

    With sunspot numbers and solar flux at times both above 300, recent daily space weather has been exciting for radio amateurs who watch the sun. We like higher activity because it correlates with a dense ionosphere, bringing with it better conditions on higher frequencies.

    This extreme activity also comes with greater geomagnetic disturbance, which cause higher absorption of HF signals. 

    For example, on August 12 the solar flux was 272.4 and sunspot number was 245. Middle latitude A index was 51 and planetary A index was 122, very high values indicating the G4 geomagnetic storm.

    Seven new sunspot groups appeared this week, two on August 8, four on August 11 and one on August 14.

    On August 9 the daily sunspot number was 382, the highest in two decades.

    Average daily sunspot numbers rose from 222.3 to 255, while average daily solar flux increased from 255.3 to 284.9.

    Average daily planetary A index went from 15.7 to 28.6, and average daily middle latitude A index (measured at a single magnetometer in Virginia) from 13.4 to 17.9.

    The solar flux outlook for the next few weeks looks promising, with values peaking at 300 in the first week of September.

    Predicted values from forecasters Jones and Kiser at the US Air Force are 230, 225 and 220 on August 16-18, 215 on August 19-20, then 210, 205, 200 and 210 on August 21-24, 220 on August 25-26, 235 on August 27-28, 245 on August 29-30, then 240, 245 and 270 on August 31 through September 2, 300 on September 3-5, 290 on September 6-7, 280 on September 8, and 270 on September 9-11, then 260 on September 12-14, then 250, 240, 230, 210, 200 and 210 on September 15-20, and 220 on September 21-22.

    Predicted planetary A index is 10, 18, 30, 25 and 10 on August 16-20, then 5, 5 and 8 on August 21-23, then 5 on August 24 to September 17, then 18 and 12 on September 18-19, and 5 on September 10 until November.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's Ionosphere for August 15, 2024 from F. K. Janda, OK1HH.

    The current maximum of the "eleven-year" solar cycle is gradually surpassing all expectations and all predictions. Medium-mass flares (M-class) are observed almost daily and are often intense enough to silence radio signals at least in the longer part of short waves by increasing the attenuation in the lower ionosphere. Large solar flares (X-class) are no exception. They usually (shortly) knock out the entire shortwave range.

    Many eruptions are accompanied by a particle cloud ejection (CME). If this happens near or west of the central meridian, it is very likely to "hit" the globe and cause a geomagnetic disturbance. In the case of multiple particle clouds flying toward the Earth at the same time, the first one may clear the way for the following ones, causing an extremely strong disturbance. Which is exactly what we saw on August 11-12.

    The geomagnetic disturbance reached G4 level, while not only auroras were observed in mid-latitudes during the disturbance, but also a phenomenon known as STEVE (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement), until relatively recently confused with auroras. We observe it as a colored tilted ribbon. Thanks to the simultaneous peak of the Perseids meteor shower, we were able to witness a truly extraordinary spectacle.

    The height of the highest critical frequencies of the f0F2 layer, and thus the MUF, was on average at an eleven-year low of solar activity on August 12. However, with the difference that as the radio wave passed through the ionosphere, a large attenuation was produced, largely due to scattering on inhomogeneities. The improvement in propagation conditions was slow and gradual. A slightly better 13 August was followed by a deterioration on 14 August. Situation was only slightly above average on 15 August. But with that said, we already knew of other CMEs heading towards Earth.

    We don't expect a drop in solar activity anytime soon, if only because we know of other active regions on the far side of the Sun thanks to helioseismological observations. Soon we will be able to observe them on the eastern edge of the solar disk.

    W3LPL wrote in an email:  

    "Ain't this solar maximum great?

    Solar Cycle 25 is now much, much stronger than anyone anticipated, and it s slowly growing stronger through at least this weekend.

    Today's Wednesday estimated international sunspot number is 281.  It's increasingly likely that we'll have widespread coast-to-coast and worldwide 6 meter F2 propagation during about half of the days between late October and at least early February.

    Widespread F2 openings are likely to bring 6 meter CW and SSB to life like we haven't experienced in more than 20 years.

    The first sign of enhanced 6 meter F2 will be increasingly frequent TEP from Europe and North America to South America and the South Atlantic islands. TEP may begin very sporadically by late August and become increasingly frequent later in September and especially during October.

    Coast-to-coast F2 propagation and propagation crossing the Atlantic to Europe and Africa may begin sporadically during September and October and become frequent and long lasting by early November.

    Effective 6 meter antennas can be very small.

    3 element Yagis are small, lightweight and very effective. 20 foot antenna height is adequate but sloping terrain or higher antennas perform much better. Heights higher that 50 feet are not necessary and in many cases perform poorly.

    Are you ready for this once in a lifetime experience?"

    I want to remind everyone of this useful web site: https://prop.kc2g.com/[1]

    Record breaking number of sunspots:

    https://www.space.com/sunspots-solar-cycle-25[2]

    https://tinyurl.com/k9cnbtt8[3]  

    Sky & Telescope: https://tinyurl.com/musyznst[4]  

    Massive flare: https://bit.ly/4fPW1Bp[5]

    Newsweek on aurora: https://tinyurl.com/3wnckehs[6]

    Cycle 26: https://tinyurl.com/3jdhyekc[7]  

    Forbes claims quarter century max:

    https://tinyurl.com/yhm398ph[8]

    Red Deer, Alberta: https://tinyurl.com/y5a7sv3f[9]

    Great solar image: https://tinyurl.com/yc84azws[10]  

    New report from Tamitha Skov: https://youtu.be/yd1gEZoYpsM[11]  

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[12] . When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[13] and the ARRL Technical Information Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[14] .

    For an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[15] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at:  

    http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[16]

    More good information and tutorials on propagation are at: http://k9la.us/[17] .

    Also, check this: https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[18]  

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[19] .

    Sunspot numbers for August 8 through 14 2024 were 337, 382, 234, 194, 245, 199, and 194, with a mean of 255. 10.7 cm flux was 336, 305.5, 291.1, 281.5, 272.4, 259.9, and 248.2, with a mean of 284.9. Estimated planetary A indices were 7, 7, 7, 28, 122, 17, and 12, with a mean of 28.6. Middle latitude A Index was 11, 9, 8, 23, 51, 12, and 11, with a mean of 17.9.


    [1] https://prop.kc2g.com/
    [2] https://www.space.com/sunspots-solar-cycle-25
    [3] https://tinyurl.com/k9cnbtt8
    [4] https://tinyurl.com/musyznst
    [5] https://bit.ly/4fPW1Bp
    [6] https://tinyurl.com/3wnckehs
    [7] https://tinyurl.com/3jdhyekc
    [8] https://tinyurl.com/yhm398ph
    [9] https://tinyurl.com/y5a7sv3f
    [10] https://tinyurl.com/yc84azws
    [11] https://youtu.be/yd1gEZoYpsM
    [12] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [13] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [14] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [15] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [16] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [17] http://k9la.us/
    [18] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [19] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Aug 23 22:10:09 2024
    08/23/2024

     Ten new sunspot groups appeared over this reporting week (August 15-21), but both solar flux and sunspot numbers were lower, due to the extraordinary numbers in the previous week.

    Average daily sunspot number declined from 255 to 180.3, while average daily solar flux went from 284.9 to 232.7.

    Geomagnetic numbers were quieter. Average daily planetary A index declined from 28.6 to 11.9, and average daily middle latitude numbers sank from 17.8 to 12.

    On August 17 the planetary A index was 31, caused by a CME around 1400 UTC. A strong G3 geomagnetic storm was the result.

    One new sunspot group appeared on August 15, and two more emerged on every day from August 16 to 19, and one more on August 21.

    Predicted solar flux is 230 and 235 on August 23-24, then 240 on August 25-26, 230 on August 27, 235 on August 28-29, 205, 210 and 215 on August 30 through September 1, 220 on September 2-3, 225 on September 4-6, 220 on September 7, 225 on September 9, 230 on September 10-12, and 225 on September 13-16, 215 and 210 on September 17-18, 200 on September 19-20, then 205, 210, 205 and 200 on September 21-24, and 205 on September 25-26.

    The planetary A index prediction shows 8 on August 23, and 5 on August 24 to September 17, 18 and 12 on September 18-19, then 5 on September 20 through the first week in October.

    I get mail asking why ten meters isn't open during all of the recent high solar activity. The reason is the season. We have to be much closer to the autumnal equinox to see ten meters open regularly.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's Ionosphere for August 22, 2024 from OK1HH.

    "After the solar flare X1.1 on 14 August, accompanied by a CME, we expected a geomagnetic storm. A more accurate prediction was provided by the NASA model - the disturbance in agreement with it started on 17 August around 1400 UT. The geomagnetic storm was strong (G3), probably triggered by the arrival of more than one CME.

    We observe two to three sunspot groups on the solar disk that can produce moderate flares (they have a 'beta-gamma' magnetic field). There are usually 10 - 12 groups in total. Coronal holes are few and relatively small, which reduces the likelihood of an increase in solar wind speed. Semi-regularly, days with higher MUF values (until Aug 17, Aug 19 and Aug 21) alternated with decreases (Aug 14, Aug 18, Aug 20...), which could only be predicted to a very limited extent and only for shorter intervals based on measured interplanetary magnetic field variations. But these are mostly impossible to predict."

    Solar activity has remained at a 20-year high for most of this summer, and so far there is no indication of a possible decline.

    20 year record: https://bit.ly/3ACRphS[1] .

    Kepler. Thanks to David Moore for this:

    https://cnn.it/3Xff40v[2]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[3] . When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[4] and the ARRL Technical Information Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[5] .

    For an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see

    http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[6] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at

    http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[7]  

    More good information and tutorials on propagation are at

    http://k9la.us/[8] .

    Also, check this. Understanding Solar Indices from September 2002 QST: https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[9]

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10]  

    Sunspot numbers for August 15 through 21 2024 were 164, 169, 170, 170, 213, 200, and 176, with a mean of 180.3. 10.7 cm flux was 227.4, 224.9, 229.5, 231, 239.1, 238.2, and 239, with a mean of 232.7. Estimated planetary A indices were 6, 8, 31, 13, 10, 7, and 8, with a mean of 11.9. Middle latitude A Index was 6, 11, 24, 15, 11, 9, and 8, with a mean of 12.


    [1] https://bit.ly/3ACRphS
    [2] https://cnn.it/3Xff40v
    [3] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [4] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [5] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [6] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Aug 30 22:18:16 2024
    08/30/2024

    "ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 0200 UTC/29 AUGUST 2024 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    The solar wind environment remains elevated due to ongoing CME effects.  G0-G1 geomagnetic conditions are expected on 29-Aug.

    INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL MASS EJECTION FOR 29 AUGUST 2024 GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY FORECAST 29 Aug: G0-G1."

    This week seven new sunspot groups emerged, with two on August 22, one on August 25, two on August 26 and two more on August 28.

    Average daily sunspot number declined slightly from 180.3 to 177.1, and average daily solar flux from 232.7 to 229.

    Planetary and middle latitude A index averages were about the same, at 12.3 and 12.

    Predicted solar flux shows 210, 220 and 215 on August 30 to September 1, 220 on September 2-3, 225 and 230 on September 4-5, 275 on September 6-8, 280, 285, 280 and 280 on September 9-12, then 275, 270, 265, 260, 255, 250, and 245 on September 13-19, then 240 on September 20-21, then 235, 230, 235, 240 and 245 on September 22-26, 250 on September 27-28, then 255, 260, 265 and 270 on September 29 through October 2, and 275 on October 3-5.

    Predicted planetary A index is 8 on August 30 to September 1, 5 on September 2-16, then 8, 8 and 12 on September 17-19, then 5 on September 20 to mid-October.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's Ionosphere for August 29, 2024 from OK1HH.

    "About 10 sunspot groups can still be observed in the solar disk, two to four of which have magnetic field configurations that are indicative of middle magnitude flares.

    After several solar flares in recent days, the arrival of CMEs to Earth was widely expected. This was also true for the X1.1/2b class flare in AR 3784 (N12E05) with a maximum on August 14 at 0640 UT, accompanied by bursts of solar radio noise types II/IV. However, nothing special continued to happen either. So much so that some authors canceled the predictions of a geomagnetic disturbance on 27 August. Which was a mistake - the disturbance began on the afternoon of August 27, while reaching G2 level.

    For the state of the Earth's ionosphere, this happened at the right time. In the positive phase of the disturbance, the highest usable frequencies of the F2 layer increased, while propagation from Europe to the west coast of the USA through the ionospheric waveguides was observed up to around the boundary between HF and VHF.

    As expected, on 28 August the evolution in the negative phase of the disturbance continued with a significant decrease in f0F2, including an increase in attenuation.  Surprisingly rapid improvement already occurred on the following day, August 29, while can be attributed not only to the high solar radiation in the ongoing solar cycle maximum, but also to the change in the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field."

    Check Tamitha Skov's latest videos: https://www.youtube.com/user/SpWxfx[1]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[2] .  When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[3] and the ARRL Technical Information Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[4] .

    For an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see

    http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[5] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at 

    http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[6]

    More good information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[7]

    Also, check "Understanding Solar Indices" from September 2002 QST: https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[8]

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[9] .

    Sunspot numbers for August 22 through 28 2024 were 175, 180, 172, 178, 202, 170, and 163, with a mean of 177.1. 10.7 cm flux was 230.6, 241.7, 232.6, 232.6, 232, 221.3, and 211.9, with a mean of 229. Estimated planetary A indices were 10, 7, 10, 7, 5, 11, and 26, with a mean of 12.3. Middle latitude A Index was 11, 8, 12, 8, 4, 11, and 30, with a mean of 12.


    [1] https://www.youtube.com/user/SpWxfx
    [2] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [3] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [4] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [5] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [6] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [7] http://k9la.us/
    [8] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [9] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Sep 6 14:35:38 2024
    09/06/2024

    Eight new sunspot groups emerged over the past week.

    Two appeared on August 30, three more on August 31, another two on
    September 2 and one more on September 4.

    Average daily sunspot number declined from 177.1 to 155.3, while
    average daily solar flux barely changed from 229 to 230.3.

    Spaceweather.com[1] reported the average daily sunspot number for
    August was 200, the highest monthly average in the past two decades.

    Reader David Moore sent in this link about the same thing:

    https://bit.ly/4cQHwdD[2]

    Predicted solar flux is 235 on September 6, 225 on September 7-8,
    230 on September 9-13, then 250, 255 and 245 on September 14-16,
    then 240, 235, 240, and 245 on September 17-20, 240 on September
    21-22, 245 on September 23-24, then 240, 235, 230 and 225 on
    September 25-28, then 230, 240, 245, and 250 on September 29 through
    October 2, then 240 on October 3-4, and 245 on October 5-6, 240
    again on October 7-10, then 250 and 255 on October 11-12.

    Predicted planetary A index is 10 on September 6,and 5 on September
    7, 10 on September 8-9, 8 on September 10-11, 5 on September 12-16,
    8 on September 17-18, 5 on September 19-25, and 25 on September
    26-27, then 15 and 8 on September 28-29, and 5 on September 30
    through October 4, 10 on October 5, and 5 on October 6-13.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - September 5, 2024 from OK1HH:

    "September 6th was the sixth day of a continuous influx of
    solar-origin protons into the Earth's atmosphere. The likely source
    is on the far side of the Sun, probably in AR3792, possibly AR3796.
    This influx briefly intensified on 3 September at noon UTC.

    "Overall solar activity remains high. The solar flux is again close
    to the values measured on August 6-13, about 27 days ago, or during
    the last solar revolution. Summer in the Earth's northern hemisphere
    is slowly coming to an end and shortwave propagation conditions
    should improve on average. This is happening, but at a slower and
    more erratic pace. The reason for this is the irregular changes in
    the activity of the Earth's magnetic field and the parameters of the
    solar wind. Sometimes the changes are even opposite to what we would
    expect - for example, on 4 September between 1000 to 1500 UTC there
    was a rather significant and unexpected increase in geomagnetic
    activity, without any major changes in MUF and overall propagation
    conditions.

    "We are now observing only a single small coronal hole on the Sun
    now. It is located near the central meridian and there is no active
    region nearby. Respectively, all three larger ARs, capable of
    producing eruptions of moderate magnitude, are south of the solar
    equator. Accordingly, we find no change in the short-term forecasts
    from the current state. More optimistic are the medium-term
    forecasts, which take into account seasonal changes."

    The "Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence" Newsletter:

    https://www.stce.be/newsletter/pdf/2024/STCEnews20240905.pdf[3]

    Latest from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/S07qt59PcWI[4]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[5]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[6] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[7] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[8] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[9] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/ [10].

    Also, check this article:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[11] "Understanding Solar Indices" from September
    2002 QST.

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to  ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[12] .

    Sunspot numbers for August 29 through September 4 2024 were 124,
    143, 180, 156, 200, 133, and 151, with a mean of 155.3. 10.7 cm flux
    was 204, 214.2, 232.6, 231.6, 225.5, 242.1, and 261.8, with a mean
    of 230.3. Estimated planetary A indices were 5, 23, 26, 16, 8, 7,
    and 13, with a mean of 14. Middle latitude A Index was 5, 16, 19,
    16, 7, 10, and 16, with a mean of 12.7.

     


    [1] http://Spaceweather.com
    [2] https://bit.ly/4cQHwdD
    [3] https://www.stce.be/newsletter/pdf/2024/STCEnews20240905.pdf
    [4] https://youtu.be/S07qt59PcWI
    [5] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [6] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [7] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [8] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [9] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [10] http://k9la.us/
    [11] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [12] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From Mortar@VERT/EOTLBBS to ARRL de WD1CKS on Sun Sep 8 21:58:38 2024
    Re: The K7RA Solar Update
    By: ARRL de WD1CKS to QST on Fri Sep 06 2024 14:35:38

    I just recently started reading these updates and find them interesting. However, there are three sections that could be better presented to make the data easier to read, namely, the Predicted Solar Flux, Planetary A Index and Sunspot Numbers.

    Throwing the numbers together in a paragraph can make it harder--especially for newbies, like me--to assimilate the information. A tabular arrangement would be more logical for this type of data. For example, here's the Predicted Solar Flux as a table:

    Predicted Solar flux
    -------------------------------------------------
    September 06 - 235 September 26 - 235
    September 07-08 - 225 September 27 - 230
    September 09-13 - 230 September 28 - 225
    September 14 - 250 September 29 - 230
    September 15 - 255 September 30 - 240
    September 16 - 245 October 01 - 245
    September 17 - 240 October 02 - 250
    September 18 - 235 October 03-04 - 240
    September 19 - 240 October 05-06 - 245
    September 20 - 245 October 07-10 - 240
    September 21-22 - 240 October 11 - 250
    September 23-24 - 245 October 12 - 255
    September 25 - 240

    A similar approach could be taken with the other two sections mentioned earlier.

    Hope this has been helpful. Later daze!

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ End Of The Line BBS - endofthelinebbs.com
  • From Digital Man@VERT to Mortar on Mon Sep 9 11:25:57 2024
    Re: The K7RA Solar Update
    By: Mortar to ARRL de WD1CKS on Sun Sep 08 2024 09:58 pm

    I just recently started reading these updates and find them interesting. However, there are three sections that could be better presented to make the data easier to read, namely, the Predicted Solar Flux, Planetary A Index and Sunspot Numbers.

    Deuce is just importing the messages as they're sent from the ARRL with minimal reformatting.
    --
    digital man (rob)

    Synchronet/BBS Terminology Definition #31:
    FF = Form Feed (ASCII 12, Ctrl-L)
    Norco, CA WX: 96.4°F, 30.0% humidity, 3 mph W wind, 0.00 inches rain/24hrs
    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Vertrauen ■ Home of Synchronet ■ [vert/cvs/bbs].synchro.net
  • From Mortar@VERT/EOTLBBS to Digital Man on Mon Sep 9 20:50:55 2024
    Re: The K7RA Solar Update
    By: Digital Man to Mortar on Mon Sep 09 2024 11:25:57

    Deuce is just importing the messages as they're sent from the ARRL with minimal reformatting.

    Don't know who Deuce is, but I get yer meaning. Which means I need to go to the source. I did see an email addr. to send comments, etc. I'll try that.

    Thanks.

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ End Of The Line BBS - endofthelinebbs.com
  • From Digital Man@VERT to Mortar on Mon Sep 9 19:12:27 2024
    Re: The K7RA Solar Update
    By: Mortar to Digital Man on Mon Sep 09 2024 08:50 pm

    Re: The K7RA Solar Update
    By: Digital Man to Mortar on Mon Sep 09 2024 11:25:57

    Deuce is just importing the messages as they're sent from the ARRL with minimal reformatting.

    Don't know who Deuce is, but I get yer meaning. Which means I need to go to the source. I did see an email addr. to send comments, etc. I'll try that.

    The messages you're referring to are imoprted from the AARL by WLARB (Whisky Lovers Amateur Radio BBS), which was created by Deuce (then K6BSD, now W8BSD).
    --
    digital man (rob)

    Breaking Bad quote #10:
    Get a big old raging hard-on at the idea of catching this piece of shit! - Hank Norco, CA WX: 93.6°F, 23.0% humidity, 8 mph W wind, 0.00 inches rain/24hrs
    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Vertrauen ■ Home of Synchronet ■ [vert/cvs/bbs].synchro.net
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Sep 13 17:51:08 2024
    09/13/2024

    With sunspot numbers up and solar flux decreasing, we saw ten new
    sunspot groups this week; two on September 6, three on September 7,
    two on September 8, one on September 9, and two on September 11.

    Average daily sunspot numbers increased from 155.3 to 178.4, while
    average daily solar flux declined from 230.3 to 223.7.

    Geomagnetic indicators were quiet, with average daily planetary A
    index dropping from 14 to 7.9 and middle latitude numbers from 12.7
    to 11.7.

    The solar flux forecast calls for 10.7 cm numbers at 210 on
    September 13-14, 205 on September 15-20, then 225 and 220 on
    September 21-22, then 225 on September 23-24, then 230, 235, 230 and
    225 on September 25-28, and 240 on September 29-30, then 240, 245
    and 230 on October 1-3, 220 on October 4-5, 225 on October 6-7, 220
    on October 8-9, 225 on October 10-11, 220 and 215 on October 12-13,
    210 on October 14-15, then back up to 240 at the end of the month.

    Predicted planetary A index is 35 and 25 on September 13-14, then 15
    on September 15-16, then 12, 15, 12 and 12 on September 17-20, 5 on
    September 21-25, then 25, 25, 15 and 10 on September 26-29, then 5
    on September 30 through October 4, 10 on October 5-6, then 30, 22
    and 8 on October 7-9, 5 on October 10-13, 8 on October 14-15, and 5
    on October 16-22, then 25 on October 23-24.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - September 11, 2024 from OK1HH:

    "The solar wind speed, as measured in geostationary orbit, increased
    in two jumps on 12 September - first shortly after midnight UTC from
    360 km/s to 430 km/s, then to 520 km/s after 0818 UTC. Meanwhile,
    the polarity of the longitudinal (north-south) component of the IMF
    (Bz) was negative. The consequence was a significant deterioration
    of shortwave propagation conditions.

    "The development continued on 12 September as the X1.3 solar flare
    was detected at 0943 UTC. The source was a new AR turning into view
    off the southeast limb (former AR 3792, whose high activity during
    the parade on the Sun's far side was well known thanks to
    helioseismological observations).

    "However, the strong (G3) Geomagnetic Storm followed, while
    threshold was reached at 14:43 UTC. Values of critical frequencies
    f0F2 in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere of the earth
    were 2 MHz lower compared to the previous days. Now it can be
    expected geomagnetic disturbance around September 14 (possible
    arrival of particles from the September 11 CME). We may wait until
    September 18 for quiet days."

    WP3GW wrote:

    "After a 4 month hiatus, just began again on FT8. I have noted that
    the SFI has been more than 200, and have worked European stations at
    about 2200 UTC, three hours after propagation normally closes to the
    Caribbean.

    "And have seen signals late night and in mornings before the Sun
    comes up in 10 meters, making it a twenty plus hours open band. Have
    made 7 new countries on FT8 in almost 3 weeks.

    "Hope these conditions keep good for this contest season.

    "Cheers, Angel Santana WP3GW."

    Jeff, N8II wrote:

    "There have been somewhat limited openings to Europe on 10 meters
    for about 2 weeks. On Monday September 2 I worked several Southern
    EU and several UK stations, some with good signals. Today, the 8th
    was exceptionally good. Not only was the 10 meter band open to all
    but possibly NE Europe, but stations in the Middle East were S9 to
    S9+20 dB. On SSB I worked A42K, Oman, and 4K6FO, Azerbaijan. Also,
    UA9CTT, Asiatic Russia was S9+20 dB and UN4L, Kazakhstan was peaking S8 all of them working the All Asia Contest. I called CQ with the
    majority of my callers from the UK all with good signals, many over
    S9. The only somewhat weak Brit was a mobile running 5W who was
    peaking S5. OH6TS, Finland answered my CQ, and I heard SM5CAK,
    Sweden over S9. I was also called by Hungary and Romania. It was
    like the middle of October on a good day, very surprising 2 weeks
    before the equinox. All of my QSOs were between 1400-1520Z. I also
    worked JE6RFM on 15M SSB during that time and heard a JA5 about S7.
    There was an Indonesian also on 15M working the Asian contest who
    was S9+.

    "The Summer has been frustrating with very limited activity except
    in contests above 20M. 20M was open through most of the night to
    Europe throughout the June-August period.

    "The sporadic-E was poor this year, fewer openings and mostly single
    hop. Every day 10M was open to Central and South America. Around the
    middle of August, we started getting daily openings to the West
    Coast. Since then, most days were open to AF and OC. Hawaii has been
    loud on several occasions including the NAQP Phone test 2nd weekend
    of August and was also briefly loud during the Hawaii QP last
    weekend of August.

    "Today September 12 there was a good F2 opening to EU; I worked two
    R4s (next to Asia), several SP, DL, I, HB9, F.  YL3BF called and was
    about S4-6. The UK was not part of the opening. One of the Germans
    was running 15W to a 5M long indoor wire and was peaking S9!"

    The latest from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW, Space Weather Woman:

    https://youtu.be/RHphr4iloHs[1]

    Impressive sunspots:

    https://bit.ly/3zjgI8o[2]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[3]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[4] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[5] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[6] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[7] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[8] .

    Also, check this:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt [9]"Understanding Solar Indices" from September
    2002 QST.

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10] .

    Sunspot numbers for September 5 through 11 2024 were 167, 188, 179,
    176, 213, 147, and 179, with a mean of 178.4. 10.7 cm flux was
    240.7, 248.9, 221.7, 227.6, 214.8, 205.2, and 207, with a mean of
    223.7. Estimated planetary A indices were 7, 8, 7, 9, 9, 7, and 8,
    with a mean of 7.9. Middle latitude A Index was 8, 8, 9, 19, 9, 7,
    and 18, with a mean of 11.1.
     


    [1] https://youtu.be/RHphr4iloHs
    [2] https://bit.ly/3zjgI8o
    [3] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [4] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [5] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [6] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From KnightMare@VERT/TELEGRAP to Mortar on Sat Sep 14 20:57:13 2024
    Re: The K7RA Solar Update
    By: Mortar to Digital Man on Mon Sep 09 2024 08:50 pm

    Don't know who Deuce is, ...

    That made me giggle... LOL

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Telegraph BBS - Fayette Co, OH USA
  • From Dumas Walker@VERT/CAPCITY2 to MORTAR on Sun Sep 15 09:41:00 2024
    Don't know who Deuce is, ...

    He's one of the maintainers of the synchronet software, as well as
    syncterm, some of the js doors, and other software.

    If you need to contact him, it is usually best to try in the synchronet IRC channel.


    * SLMR 2.1a * Catastrophe n. an award for the cat with the nicest buns
    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ CAPCITY2 * capcity2.synchro.net * Telnet/SSH:2022/Rlogin/HTTP
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Sep 20 23:29:06 2024
    09/20/2024

    Solar activity was quiet over the past week, but geomagnetic numbers
    were way, way up.

    Average daily sunspot numbers dropped from 178.4 to 120, and average
    daily solar flux from 223.7 to 175.7.

    Average daily planetary A index rocketed from 7.9 to 35.7, and
    middle latitude numbers from 11.1 to 23.4.

    Six new sunspot groups emerged over the past week; one each on
    September 13 and 14, two on September 16, and two each on September
    17 and 18.

    Predicted solar flux is 160 and 155 on September 20-21, 150 on
    September 22-26, then a huge leap to 230 and 225 on September 27-28,
    240 on September 29 through October 2, 230 on October 3, 220 on
    October 4-5, then 215, 205 and 207 on October 6-8, 201, 186 and 172
    on October 9-11, 173 and 175 on October 12-13, 170 on October 14-16,
    165 on October 17-18, 170 on October 19, 225 on October 20-21, then
    230, 225, 230 and 225 on October 22-25, then 240 on October 26-29.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5, 10 and 8 on September 20-22, 5 on
    September 23-26, then 25, 15 and 10 on September 27-29, then 5 on
    September 30 through October 4, 10 on October 5-6, and 5 on October
    7-9, 10 on October 10, 20 on October 11-13, 15 on October 14, 10 on
    October 15-16, then 5 on October 17-22, 25 on October 23-24, and 15
    and 10 on October 25-26.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - September 19, 2024 from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:

    "Overall solar activity has decreased slightly in recent days, but
    before that AR3825 produced energetic flares, including two of the
    largest: X1.3 on September 12th and a very strong X4.5 on September
    14th. The arrival of the CMEs and the onset of the disturbance,
    expected on the afternoon of UT Sept 16th, was delayed and
    registered as an influx of protons in the solar wind at 22:44 UT
    Sept 16th. After that, a geomagnetic disturbance started to develop,
    which significantly affected the shortwave propagation conditions,
    especially on 17 September.

    "A more pronounced upsurge in solar flux can be expected once the
    large active regions known to be present through helioseismology
    start to reappear at the eastern limb of the solar disk. This should
    happen around 26 September. However, a repeat of the August 28-29
    disturbance is expected in the same period. Therefore, an
    improvement in propagation conditions can be expected before
    September 26, or better yet, shortly during the onset of the
    disturbance-after which a deterioration will occur."

    New STCE newsletter:

    https://www.stce.be/newsletter/newsletter.php[1]

    The latest video from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/o0HWm0W-YRw[2]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[3]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[4] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[5] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[6] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[7] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[8] .

    Also, check this article:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[9]

    "Understanding Solar Indices" from September 2002 QST.

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10] .

    Sunspot numbers for September 12 through 18 2024 were 160, 127, 136,
    68, 103, 140, and 106, with a mean of 120. 10.7 cm flux was 201.2,
    185.8, 172.4, 172.8, 169.2, 165.4, and 163.3, with a mean of 175.7.
    Estimated planetary A indices were 67, 37, 21, 19, 23, 71, and 12,
    with a mean of 35.7. Middle latitude A Index was 36, 22, 22, 16, 19,
    39, and 10, with a mean of 23.4.

     


    [1] https://www.stce.be/newsletter/newsletter.php
    [2] https://youtu.be/o0HWm0W-YRw
    [3] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [4] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [5] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [6] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Mon Oct 14 22:48:01 2024
    09/27/2024

    Seven sunspot groups emerged this week. The first was on September
    19, three on September 20, one each on September 22 and 23, and the
    last on September 25.

    Average daily sunspot numbers increased from 120 to 137.2, and
    average daily solar flux shifted from 175.7 to 164.3.

    Geomagnetic numbers were much quieter. Average daily planetary A
    index changed from 35.7 to 14.3, and middle latitude A index from
    23.4 to 10.7.

    Predicted solar flux is 180 September 27 to October 1, 190 on
    October 2-6, 185 on October 7-9, 180 on October 10, 175 on October
    11-16, 170 on October 17-18, 165 on October 19, 160 on October
    20-23, 165 on October 24-26, then 170 and 175 on October 27-28, 180
    on October 29-30, and 190 on October 31 through November 2.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5 on September 27-28, 8 on September
    29-30, 5 on October 1-4, 10 on October 5-6, 5 on October 7-9, then
    10, 20 and 19 on October 10-12, and 5 on October 13-21, 8 on October
    22-23, 5 on October 24-31, and 8 on November 1-2.

    "Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - September 26, 2024 from OK1HH:

    "Solar flare activity is generally lower than it was in the first
    half of September, when M-class solar flares were common and X-class
    flares also occurred. The last significant M-class flare, including
    a CME, was observed on September 22. However, the Earth's magnetic
    field activity increased on September 25-26, incidentally in good
    agreement with the forecast.

    "Propagation conditions, especially in the shorter half of the
    shortwave range, have understandably improved, but not as much as we
    might have expected in the run-up to the equinox. This was
    influenced by a decrease in solar activity (compared to August
    levels) - and of course an increase in geomagnetic activity.

    "Unlike in times relatively recently past, any of us can monitor not
    only total solar activity, but also changes in solar wind
    parameters. Both its speed and the concentration of free electrons
    and protons ejected by flares. Changes in the ionosphere follow
    quickly, but not always in the same way. It is also always the
    result of previous developments."

    Latest report from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/B9jWbAVEpZw[1]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[2]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[3] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[4] . For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[5] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[6] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[7] .

    Also, check this article:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[8] "Understanding Solar Indices" from September
    2002 QST.

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[9] .

    Sunspot numbers for September 19 through 25 2024 were 109, 113, 117,
    114, 224, 123, and 160, with a mean of 137.1. 10.7 cm flux was
    161.2, 153.8, 158, 162.8, 167.4, 172.4, and 174.2, with a mean of
    164.3. Estimated planetary A indices were 20, 7, 6, 5, 13, 17, and
    32, with a mean of 14.3. Middle latitude A Index was 15, 6, 6, 3, 9,
    12, and 24, with a mean of 10.7.


    [1] https://youtu.be/B9jWbAVEpZw
    [2] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [3] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [4] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [5] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [6] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [7] http://k9la.us/
    [8] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [9] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Mon Oct 14 22:48:12 2024
    10/04/2024

    ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 0042UT/04 OCTOBER 2024 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    Two coronal mass ejections first observed on 01-Oct and 03-Oct are
    expected to impact Earth over 04-05 Oct. Lack of analyzable corona
    graph imagery makes arrival time predictions uncertain.

    INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL MASS EJECTION FROM 04-06 OCTOBER 2024.

    GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY FORECAST:
    04 Oct:  G3, chance of G4
    05 Oct:  G3, chance of G4
    06 Oct:  G1-G2

    New sunspot groups emerged on every day over the past week. Two new
    regions appeared on September 26, another on September 27, two more
    on September 28, another on September 29, another on September 30,
    three more on October 1 and another on October 2, for a total of
    eleven.

    Average daily sunspot number rose from 137.1 to 164.7, and average
    daily solar flux from 164.3 to 213.1. Average daily planetary A
    index shifted from 14.3 to 9.6.

    Predicted solar flux is 310 on October 4-6, 300 on October 7, 290 on
    October 8-10, 175 on October 11-16, 170 on October 17-21, then 175,
    180, 185, 190 and 195 on October 22-26, then 200 on October 27-29,
    205 on October 30 through November 4, then 200 and 185 on November
    5-6 and 175 on November 7-12.

    Predicted planetary A index is 54, 94, 72, 22 and 15 on October 4-8,
    5 on October 9-10, then 20 and 19 on October 11-12, then 5 on
    October 13-21, then 28 and 10 on October 22-23, 5 on October 24-26,
    and 10 on October 27, then 5 on October 28-31, 10 on November 1-2, 5
    on November 3-5, then 10, 20, and 19 on November 6-8, and 5 on
    November 9 and the foreseeable future.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - October 3, 2024 from OK1HH:

    "After AR3811 disappeared from our field of view behind the
    southwestern limb of the solar disk on September 12, it was
    continuously tracked by helioseismological methods until September
    29, when it reappeared in the southeast, numbered AR3842. Its size
    and activity on the far side of the Sun suggested that we could look
    forward to a lot of activity in October.

    "And so, it did. When solar flare X7.1/2b was observed on October 1
    with a maximum at 2220 UT, the second largest in the current 11-year
    cycle, I planned to start with this announcement. But when flare
    X9.05, newly the largest in X-ray intensity in the same AR3842, was
    observed on October 3 at 1218 UT, that was no longer the case.

    "The source region of AR3842 was heading straight towards us. So,
    the plasma cloud was probably heading directly for our ionosphere.
    Unlike the aforementioned X7.1/2b (which thus moved to the third
    largest), it is very likely that the CME of October 3 will hit
    Earth. We therefore expect a disrupted end of the week.

    "This weekend we can expect low MUF and high LUF on shortwave and
    QSOs over aurora on VHF. Early next week will see a gradual return
    to average and then above average radio wave propagation conditions
    in the ionosphere."

    From "The New Zealand Herald," Aurora in Auckland:

    https://bit.ly/3NcNOde[1]

    Radio Blackout hits U.S.:

    https://bit.ly/3zNlkno[2]

    https://www.space.com/sun-monster-solar-flare-x7-video[3]

    Here is the latest update from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/QDf6eyTCbe4[4]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[5]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[6] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[7]. For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[8] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[9] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[10] .

    Also, check this article:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt [11]

    "Understanding Solar Indices" from September 2002 QST.

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[12] .

    Sunspot numbers for September 26 through October 2 2024 were 189,
    122, 148, 154, 150, 196, and 194, with a mean of 164.7. 10.7 cm flux
    was 181.1, 186, 194.5, 197.2, 214.2, 244.6, and 274.4, with a mean
    of 213.1. Estimated planetary A indices were 13, 7, 7, 16, 11, 6,
    and 7, with a mean of 9.6. Middle latitude A Index was 11, 5, 5, 17,
    5, 9, and 6, with a mean of 8.3.

     


    [1] https://bit.ly/3NcNOde
    [2] https://bit.ly/3zNlkno
    [3] https://www.space.com/sun-monster-solar-flare-x7-video
    [4] https://youtu.be/QDf6eyTCbe4
    [5] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [6] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [7] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [8] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [9] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [10] http://k9la.us/
    [11] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [12] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Mon Oct 14 22:48:19 2024
    10/14/2024

    Thanks to Carl, K9LA for contributing to this week's bulletin.

    "SUBJ: ASWFC GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE WARNING ISSUED AT 2220 UTC/10 OCTOBER 2024 BY THE AUSTRALIAN SPACE WEATHER FORECASTING CENTRE.

    "A halo CME first observed on 09-Oct arrived at Earth at 10/1515UT, resulting in G4 geomagnetic conditions on 10-Oct. G4 geomagnetic conditions are expected on 11-Oct, with a chance of G5. G2 geomagnetic conditions are expected on 12-Oct, with a chance of G3 due to ongoing CME effects.

    "INCREASED GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY EXPECTED DUE TO CORONAL MASS EJECTION FROM 11-13 OCTOBER 2024

    "GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY FORECAST

    11 Oct: G4, chance of G5

    12 Oct: G2, chance of G3

    13 Oct: G0-G1"

    Only four new sunspot groups emerged this week. The first was on October 4, another on October 6 and two more on October 7.

    Average daily sunspot number moved from 160 (Sep 26-Oct 2 period) to 182 (Oct 3-9 period), and average daily solar flux from 199 to 270.

    Predicted solar flux is 215 on October 11-13, 210 on October 14-15, 200 and 205 on October 16-17, and 170 on October 18-21, then 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 215, 230, 240, 250 and 255 on October 22-31, then 230 and 215 on November 1-2, then 205 on November 3-4, 200 and 185 on November 5-6, 175 on November 7-12, and 170 on November 13-17.

    Predicted planetary A index reveals a huge disturbance at 122, 42, 12 and 12 on October 11-14, 5 on October 15-21, then 15, 10, 5, 5, 12 and 8 on October 22-27, 5 on October 28 til November 2, 12 and 8 on November 3-4, 5 on November 5-7, 8 on November 8, and 5 on November 9-17.

    "Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's Ionosphere for October 10, 2024 from OK1HH.

    "During the first ten days of October, the number of sunspot groups dropped from eleven to five, but the eruptive activity of the two largest sunspot groups did not decrease. Not only are moderate flares (M-classes, of which 34 were observed) frequent, but large events (X-classes) are also relatively common (five effects were observed, including one proton flare on 9 October). Several CMEs (coronal mass ejections) were also observed.

    "After the two most active regions in particular moved to the western half of the solar disk, geomagnetic activity has increased significantly since 6 October. The most significant impacts on the state of the ionosphere were on 8 October. This will be followed by a very slow return to normal, lasting several days. A calm development can be expected after mid-October."

    Reader Allison King sent this: https://nyti.ms/3YiNZtP[1]

    David Moore sent this. A new era of solar observation: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/10/241003145438.htm[2]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[3].  When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[4]  and the ARRL Technical Information Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[5]  

    For an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[6] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at

    http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[7]  .

    More good information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[8]

    Also, check this. "Understanding Solar Indices" from September 2002 QST. https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[9]

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10] .

    Sunspot numbers for October 3 through 9 2024 were 194, 229, 180, 173, 167, 164, and 165, with a mean of 182. 10.7 cm flux was 245, 312, 291, 277, 265, 277 and 225, with a mean of 270. Estimated planetary A indices were 8, 8, 7, 16, 55, 58, and 19, with a mean of 24.4. Middle latitude A Index was 8, 6, 8, 13, 33, 29, and 15, with a mean of 16.


    [1] https://nyti.ms/3YiNZtP
    [2] https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/10/241003145438.htm
    [3] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [4] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [5] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [6] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Oct 18 19:07:58 2024
    10/18/2024

    Average daily sunspot numbers changed from 160 to 129.3 and average
    daily solar flux from 261.3 to 194.3. Geomagnetic numbers were
    higher, with planetary A index rising from 21.4 to 39.3.

    Seven new sunspot groups emerged this week, with two on October 10,
    two on October 13, two more October 14 and one more on October 15.

    Predicted solar flux is 170, 160, and 165 on October 18-20, 170 on
    October 21-22, 165 on October 23-24, 220 on October 25-26, then 225,
    245, 235, 260, 245 and 235 on October 27 through November 1, and 230
    on November 2-3, then 225 and 220 on November 4-5, 215 on November
    6-8, 210 on November 9, 200 on November 10-12, and 205 on November
    13-14 and 210 on November 15-17.

    Predicted planetary A index is 15, 18, 12 and 5 on October 18-21,
    then 15, 12 and 5 on October 22-24, then 5, 1, 2 and 8 on October
    25-27, then 5 on October 28 to November 8, then 10 on November 9-10,
    then 5 on November 11-12, 8 on November 13 and 5 on November 14-17.

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - October 17, 2024 from OK1HH:

    "A week ago, we witnessed a strong geomagnetic disturbance. It
    peaked on 10 October and its effects in the ionosphere were
    particularly evident on 11 October. The recovery from the
    disturbance continued until 14 October, but was interrupted by a
    further rise in geomagnetic activity on 15-16 October.

    "Ionospheric shortwave propagation conditions were generally poor
    throughout the period. They did not even improve to average levels.
    This development was due to the coincidence with a decrease in total
    solar activity."

    The latest report from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/warCdMmyE98[1]

    An article on the peak of Solar Cycle 25:

    https://www.inceptivemind.com/blurb/sun-reaches-maximum-phase-11-year-solar-cyc le/[2]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[3]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[4] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[5]. For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[6] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[7] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[8] .

    Also, check this article:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[9]

    "Understanding Solar Indices" from September 2002 QST.

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10] .

    Sunspot numbers for October 10 through 16 2024 were 150, 130, 95,
    108, 146, 141, and 135, with a mean of 129.3. 10.7 cm flux was
    216.3, 213.9, 213.6, 194.9, 181.9, 172, and 167.7, with a mean of
    194.3. Estimated planetary A indices were 96, 116, 20, 5, 8, 15, and
    15, with a mean of 30.3. Middle latitude A Index was 50, 68, 16, 3,
    6, 9, and 11, with a mean of 23.3.

     


    [1] https://youtu.be/warCdMmyE98
    [2] https://www.inceptivemind.com/blurb/sun-reaches-maximum-phase-11-year-solar-cycle/
    [3] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [4] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [5] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [6] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Oct 25 16:22:49 2024
    10/25/2024

    Key solar indicators were lower this week, with average daily solar
    flux down from 194.3 to 170.5 and average daily sunspot numbers
    declining from 129.3 to 127.7.

    On October 22, Spaceweather.com[1] reported:

    "THE SUN IS TAKING A QUICK BREAK: Solar Max is hard work. Just ask
    the Sun. After flaring almost without pause for the past 10 months,
    the Sun is taking a quick break. Solar activity has been low for the
    past 48 hours with no flares stronger than category C. The quiet
    won't last. Solar Max is expected to continue for at least another
    year; flaring should resume shortly."

    Predicted solar flux is 200 on October 25-26, then 205 and 215 on
    October 27-28, then 220 on October 29-31, then 180, 185, 180 and 175
    on November 1-4, 180 on November 5-6, 185 on November 7-8, 180 on
    November 9, 175 on November 10-12, then 180 and 175 on November
    13-14, 170 on November 15-16, 165 on November 17-18, and 160 and 165 on November 19-20.

    Predicted planetary A index is 15, 18 and 7 on October 25-27, then 8
    on October 28-29, 5 0n October 30 through November 10, then 12, 12,
    8, 5, 12, 10, 5, 15 and 10 on November 11-19, and 5 on November
    20-21, 12 on November 22 and 5 on November 23-30.

    "Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - October 24, 2024 from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:

    "NASA and NOAA announced in a joint statement on October 15, 2024
    that a solar maximum is underway. This phase of the cycle may take 2
    to 3 years to develop. For shortwave propagation, this implies that
    the regular openings of the shortest bands will continue at least
    through 2025, possibly longer.

    "The author of these lines considers it likely that the current
    11-year cycle will have two peaks, the first of which is taking
    place now. In that case, we could expect the second peak in 2025.

    "Coronagraphs aboard artificial Earth satellites provide invaluable
    data for predicting solar activity. The Solar and Heliospheric
    Observatory (SOHO) has been in operation for an unexpectedly long
    time - it was launched in December 1995! Fortunately, the Sun is
    still being similarly observed by GOES-19, although it is still
    undergoing testing with instrument checks, including the
    coronagraph, which we expect to be in regular use from Spring 2025.

    "In the last two weeks or so, we have been able to observe the size
    of AR3842 and AR3844 on the Sun's far side.

    "AR3844, meanwhile, emerged on the southeastern limb of the solar
    disk, was renamed AR3869, and immediately made itself known with a
    powerful solar flare of class X3.3. It happened on October 24, with
    the peak of the event at 0357 UT. The extreme ultraviolet radiation
    from the flare ionized the upper part of the Earth's atmosphere. The
    Dellinger effect knocked out shortwaves to 30 MHz for nearly an hour
    in the Australia and Southeast Asia region. The current CME has left
    the Sun, but is unlikely to hit Earth (if it does, it could happen
    on October 26).

    "After the eruption, due to the increase in ionization of the
    ionospheric F2 region between 0910 - 1050 UT, the 50 MHz magic band
    between central and southern Europe and Japan (especially the
    southern half of its large islands) was opened. However, the vast
    majority of contacts were established at 50313 kHz (WSJT-X, FT8)."

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[2]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[3] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[4]. For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[5] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[6] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[7] .

    Also, check this article:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[8]

    "Understanding Solar Indices" from September 2002 QST.

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[9] .

    Sunspot numbers for October 17 through 23 2024 were 146, 132, 101,
    113, 168, 130, and 104, with a mean of 127.7. 10.7 cm flux was
    167.7, 173.5, 165.2, 161.7, 163.9, 176.1, and 185.7, with a mean of
    170.5. Estimated planetary A indices were 9, 14, 23, 7, 5, 8, and 9,
    with a mean of 10.7. Middle latitude A Index was 7, 10, 15, 6, 3, 7,
    and 7, with a mean of 7.9.

     


    [1] http://Spaceweather.com
    [2] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [3] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [4] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [5] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [6] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [7] http://k9la.us/
    [8] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [9] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Nov 1 18:34:49 2024
    11/01/2024

    Solar activity increased this week. Average daily sunspot number
    went from 127.7 to 197.4 and average solar flux from 170.5 to 240.2.

    Predicted solar flux is 270 on November 1-2, 265 and 260 on November
    3-4, 250 on November 5-7, 214, 195 and 182 on November 8-10, 172,
    168, 174 and 165 on November 11-14, and 162 on November 15-16.

    Predicted planetary A index is 5, 8, 15, and 10 on November 1-4, 5
    on November 5-15, then 5, 8, 5, 12, and 8 on November 16-20, and 5
    on November 21 through December 5

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - October 31, 2024 from OK1HH:

    "We know only approximately what the Earth's ionosphere looked like
    between March 1755 and June 1766 thanks to observations of the Sun
    in Solar Cycle 1. But we do know what it looked like in Solar Cycle
    19, which ran from April 1954 to October 1964. Although I was a
    novice radio amateur at the time, I can testify that the shortwave
    propagation conditions at the peak of Solar Cycle 19 (1958) were
    wonderful!

    "As of December 2019, Solar Cycle 25 is in operation. It was
    supposed to be low, fortunately it is not. Its maximum is now
    underway, perhaps a second will follow next year. It is fabulous,
    judging by the above and the many interesting effects, including,
    for example, auroras. But unfortunately, not if we judge them by the
    current conditions of ionospheric shortwave propagation. An
    explanation of why this is now the case will surely be forthcoming -
    but perhaps Solar Cycle 26 will be underway.

    "A week ago, as expected, large active regions and corresponding
    groups of spots appeared at the southeastern limb of the solar disk.
    We are now seeing them near the central meridian. This has increased
    the likelihood of Earth being hit by particles that will eject
    subsequent flares. It seems that not only these, but also
    disturbances in the geomagnetic field and then fluctuations in the
    ionospheric propagation field can be counted on with certainty in
    the coming days. Given that we have already seen simultaneously
    observed active regions on the Sun during the last solar rotation,
    presumably a 27-day recurrence will be a good aid to prediction."

    How NASA tracks the Solar Cycles:

    https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x98c2di[1]

    The latest from the Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence
    Newsletter:

    https://www.stce.be/newsletter/newsletter.php[2]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[3]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[4] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[5]. For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[6] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation [7]. More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[8] .

    Also, check this article:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[9]

    "Understanding Solar Indices" from September 2002 QST.

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10] .

    Sunspot numbers for October 24 through 30 2024 were 138, 157, 181,
    198, 288, 220, and 200, with a mean of 197.4. 10.7 cm flux was
    196.6, 209.3, 238.4, 246.2, 255.5, 265.6, and 269.8, with a mean of
    240.2. Estimated planetary A indices were 13, 3, 14, 10, 17, 12, and
    15, with a mean of 12. Middle latitude A Index was 10, 2, 11, 8, 11,
    10, and 10, with a mean of 8.9.

     


    [1] https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x98c2di
    [2] https://www.stce.be/newsletter/newsletter.php
    [3] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [4] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [5] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [6] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS
  • From ARRL de WD1CKS@VERT/WLARB to QST on Fri Nov 15 16:52:03 2024
    11/15/2024

    Only five new sunspot groups emerged this week. First was on
    November 7, next on November 9, two more on November 11, and another
    on November 13.

    Average daily sunspot number declined from 193.4 to 141.6, while
    average daily solar flux went from 248.4 to 203.7.

    Predicted solar flux is 145 on November 15-16, 155 on November
    17-18, then 145 on November 19, 140 November 20-21, then 235, 240,
    255 and 260 on November 22-25, 270 on November 26-27, then 255 and
    250 on November 28-29, 240 on November 30 and December 1, 230 on
    December 2-3, and 225 and 220 on December 4-5, then 225 on December 6-7, and 175, 170, and 175 on December 8-10, then 165 on December 11-14, 178 and 185 on December 15-16, 200 on December 17-18, then 235, 240, 255 and 260 on December 19-22.

    Estimated planetary A index is 12, 10, 8, 12 and 8 on November
    15-19, 5 on November 20-24, 10 on November 25-26, then 8, 5, 5 and
    10 on November 27-30, then 12, 9, 8, 7 and 5 on December 1-5, 12 on
    December 6-8, then 8, 12 and 10 on December 9-11, 8 on December
    12-13, then 5, 8, 5 and 12 on December 14-17.

    From HMI Science Nuggets, a possible explanation for solar cycle
    double peaks:

    http://hmi.stanford.edu/hminuggets/?p=2685[1]

    Weekly Commentary on the Sun, the Magnetosphere, and the Earth's
    Ionosphere - November 14, 2024, from F.K. Janda, OK1HH:

    "Of the three active regions in the past few days, two have fallen
    behind the western limb of the solar disk. Therefore, the solar flux
    has dropped significantly. The third sunspot group was AR3889, which
    crossed the central meridian midweek. Its size of over 400
    millionths of the solar disk area, and in particular the optical 'F'
    and magnetic 'Beta-Gamma-Delta' configurations, indicate that the
    production of moderate size flares will continue. So, because it is
    in the west, like most coronal holes, the solar wind should
    intensify, and the Earth's magnetic field activity should increase.

    "This development, in fact, has already begun on November 14. First,
    conditions worsened after the polarity of the longitudinal component
    of the interplanetary magnetic field changed to negative between
    0200-0500 UTC, while the density of protons in the solar wind
    increased. This was correctly followed by an increase in its
    velocity from 350 km/s to 440 km/s. Due to the anticipated increase
    in the solar wind, a further several days of turbulence is expected,
    followed by calming down only during the following week."

    The latest report from Dr. Tamitha Skov, WX6SWW:

    https://youtu.be/lGpDztCtTwY[2]

    Send your tips, reports, observations, questions and comments to k7ra@arrl.net[3]. When reporting observations, don't forget to tell us
    which mode you were operating.

    For more information concerning shortwave radio propagation, see http://www.arrl.org/propagation[4] and the ARRL Technical Information
    Service web page at, http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals[5]. For
    an explanation of numbers used in this bulletin, see http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere[6] .

    An archive of past propagation bulletins is at http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation[7] . More good
    information and tutorials on propagation are at http://k9la.us/[8] .

    Also, check this article:

    https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt[9]

    "Understanding Solar Indices" from September 2002 QST.

    Instructions for starting or ending email subscriptions to ARRL
    bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins[10] .

    Sunspot numbers for November 7 through 13, 2024 were 164, 167, 176,
    121, 138, 116, and 109, with a mean of 141.6. 10.7 cm flux was
    239.2, 231, 220.9, 230.6, 182.2, 171.7, and 150.3, with a mean of
    203.7. Estimated planetary A indices were 9, 11, 32, 25, 10, 5, and
    7, with a mean of 14.1. Middle latitude A Index was 7, 7, 24, 15, 7,
    4, and 5, with a mean of 9.9.
     


    [1] http://hmi.stanford.edu/hminuggets/?p=2685
    [2] https://youtu.be/lGpDztCtTwY
    [3] mailto:k7ra@arrl.net
    [4] http://www.arrl.org/propagation
    [5] http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals
    [6] http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere
    [7] http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation
    [8] http://k9la.us/
    [9] https://bit.ly/3Rc8Njt
    [10] http://arrl.org/bulletins

    ---
    ■ Synchronet ■ Whiskey Lover's Amateur Radio BBS